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Questions and Answers
What is the primary requirement for a virus to multiply?
What is the primary requirement for a virus to multiply?
- Synthesizing its own ATP
- Infecting a living host to reproduce (correct)
- Obtaining nutrients from the soil
- Performing photosynthesis
Viruses are capable of reproducing on their own without a host cell.
Viruses are capable of reproducing on their own without a host cell.
False (B)
What is the outer protein coat of a virus called, and what is its function?
What is the outer protein coat of a virus called, and what is its function?
capsid, key to enter cell
The genetic material of a virus can be either DNA or ________.
The genetic material of a virus can be either DNA or ________.
Match the following viral structures with their characteristics:
Match the following viral structures with their characteristics:
Which of the following do viruses NOT possess?
Which of the following do viruses NOT possess?
Viruses demonstrate all characteristics of living organisms, including the ability to grow and develop independently.
Viruses demonstrate all characteristics of living organisms, including the ability to grow and develop independently.
What molecule must a virus make in order to be translated by the host's ribosomes?
What molecule must a virus make in order to be translated by the host's ribosomes?
Viruses are grouped in various ways. They can be classfied by morphology, what is infected, genetic composition, and the ________ of the disease.
Viruses are grouped in various ways. They can be classfied by morphology, what is infected, genetic composition, and the ________ of the disease.
Match the following terms with their correct association to viral infections:
Match the following terms with their correct association to viral infections:
What is the primary function of the viral protein coat (capsid)?
What is the primary function of the viral protein coat (capsid)?
Viruses are capable of responding to stimuli in their environment like living organisms.
Viruses are capable of responding to stimuli in their environment like living organisms.
What are the two types of nucleic acids that can be found in viruses?
What are the two types of nucleic acids that can be found in viruses?
Viruses that have a membranous envelope are called ________ viruses.
Viruses that have a membranous envelope are called ________ viruses.
Match the following terms related to viral infection with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms related to viral infection with their correct definitions:
What best describes the purpose of a virus infecting a host cell?
What best describes the purpose of a virus infecting a host cell?
Viruses can independently produce energy (ATP).
Viruses can independently produce energy (ATP).
Name three criteria used to classify viruses.
Name three criteria used to classify viruses.
The 'lock and key' mechanism is essential for viral ________ to a host cell.
The 'lock and key' mechanism is essential for viral ________ to a host cell.
Match the following terms related to viral replication cycles with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms related to viral replication cycles with their correct descriptions:
What role does reverse transcriptase play in retroviruses?
What role does reverse transcriptase play in retroviruses?
A virus in the lysogenic cycle always immediately destroys the host cell.
A virus in the lysogenic cycle always immediately destroys the host cell.
What is the difference between a persistent and a latent viral infection?
What is the difference between a persistent and a latent viral infection?
The process by which viral DNA is inserted into the host's DNA is called ________.
The process by which viral DNA is inserted into the host's DNA is called ________.
Match the following terms with their role during viral transmission:
Match the following terms with their role during viral transmission:
What is the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication?
What is the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication?
Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.
Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.
Provide an example of a virus transmitted through body fluids.
Provide an example of a virus transmitted through body fluids.
Viruses that can cause cancer are described as ________.
Viruses that can cause cancer are described as ________.
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Which of the following best describes how vaccines work?
Which of the following best describes how vaccines work?
All viruses cause deadly diseases.
All viruses cause deadly diseases.
Name two ways a person can get infected with a virus.
Name two ways a person can get infected with a virus.
The action of viruses crossing the nucleus and integrating with your genome leads to ________ infections.
The action of viruses crossing the nucleus and integrating with your genome leads to ________ infections.
Match the following viruses with the diseases they are associated with:
Match the following viruses with the diseases they are associated with:
Why are antiviral drugs specific to particular viruses, unlike antibiotics?
Why are antiviral drugs specific to particular viruses, unlike antibiotics?
Viruses in the lysogenic cycle always kill the host cells they infect.
Viruses in the lysogenic cycle always kill the host cells they infect.
Give an example of a virus that is considered carcinogenic.
Give an example of a virus that is considered carcinogenic.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in _______ that allows them to convert RNA to DNA.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in _______ that allows them to convert RNA to DNA.
Insanely difficult: How would the absence of capsomeres affect a helical virus like the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
Insanely difficult: How would the absence of capsomeres affect a helical virus like the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
Insanely difficult: Which of the following is a plausible evolutionary explanation for why viruses often utilize host ribosomes instead of encoding their own?
Insanely difficult: Which of the following is a plausible evolutionary explanation for why viruses often utilize host ribosomes instead of encoding their own?
Flashcards
Virus
Virus
Infectious particle with DNA or RNA that must infect a living host to reproduce and can affect genes.
Viral Genetic Material
Viral Genetic Material
Either single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded DNA, located inside the virus.
Viral Protein Coat (Capsid)
Viral Protein Coat (Capsid)
The outer protein coat of a virus, essential for entering a host cell.
Why viruses need a host
Why viruses need a host
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Non-living Characteristics of Viruses
Non-living Characteristics of Viruses
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Living Characteristics of Viruses
Living Characteristics of Viruses
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Virus Classification
Virus Classification
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Structure with head and tail
Structure with head and tail
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Helical Virus Example
Helical Virus Example
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Viral Infection
Viral Infection
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Outcomes of Viral Infection
Outcomes of Viral Infection
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Retroviruses
Retroviruses
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Lytic Cycle
Lytic Cycle
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Lysogenic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
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Transmission of Viruses
Transmission of Viruses
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Pathogenic
Pathogenic
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Carcinogenic
Carcinogenic
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Antivirals
Antivirals
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Treatment of Viruses
Treatment of Viruses
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Study Notes
Viruses
- Viruses are infectious particles with either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.
- Viruses must infect a living host to reproduce and can affect genes.
- Viruses contain genetic material, which is single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded DNA, inside.
- The capsid which functions likes a key to enter any cell, is the protein coat outside of a virus.
- The primary goal of a virus is to create mRNA that can be translated by host ribosomes and to make more microbial populations.
- Once a virus infects a host cell, it makes RNA.
Non-Living vs. Living Characteristics
- Viruses are non-living because they lack cells, don't respond to stimuli, lack energy (ATP), don't grow or develop, and cannot reproduce on their own.
- Viruses share characteristics with living organisms; they have genetic material (RNA/DNA), reproduce within a host, and have organization to produce viral proteins.
Virus Classification
- Viruses can be classified based on morphology (shape/structures), what they infect (plants, animals, bacteria), genetic composition (DNA, RNA, single or double-stranded), and pathology (nature of the disease, such as being deadly, inconvenient, highly contagious, or not).
Structures
- Viruses with a head and tail structure can only infect bacteria.
- Helical viruses, such as the Tobacco mosaic Virus, have RNA and a capsomere of capsid.
- Enveloped viruses, like the Influenza Virus, have a membranous envelope, RNA, a capside, and glycoprotein.
Attachment
- Viruses must find the correct receptor on cells, using a lock and key mechanism for attachment.
- The stages of viral infection are: attachment (tropism, lock and key), penetration, transcription, translation, genome replication, assembly, and release.
Outcomes of Viral Infection
- A viral infection can result in lysis (break) of cells.
- Persistent infections involve the virus staying inside and making the cell sick.
- Latent infections occur when the virus crosses the nucleus and integrates with the host's genome.
Retroviruses
- Retroviruses can convert RNA to DNA.
- Retroviruses use a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase; this can disrupt genomic DNA.
Viral Replication
- Viruses replicate using the lactic cycle, breaking open the host cell, or the lysogenic cycle, where the virus integrates with the host cell.
- Viruses can switch between the lactic and lysogenic cycles.
Lactic Cycle Steps
- Viral DNA is injected into the host cell.
- The host cell replicates viral DNA and makes the viral capsid (protein coat).
- New viruses are assembled inside the host cell.
- The host cell bursts open, releasing the new viruses.
Lysogenic Cycle Steps
- Viral DNA is injected into the host cell.
- Viral DNA inserts itself into the host's DNA.
- The virus remains inactive for days, months, or years.
- As the cell reproduces, more cells are produced that have viral DNA in them.
- When conditions are weaken the host's immune system and become more favorable, the virus will enter the lytic cycle.
Transmission
- Viruses can be transmitted through bites, physical or sexual contact, body fluids, from mother to child, or through contact in the air or environmental exposure.
- Pathogenic viruses cannot reproduce unless they attack another cell.
- Carcinogenic viruses can cause irreparable genetic damage, leading to cancer, such as HPV leading to cervical cancer, Hepatitis B & C leading to Liver Cancer, and T lymphotropic leading to Leukemia.
Treatment
- Antibiotics do not work on viruses.
- Antivirals are specific for viral infections and prevent the virus from infecting cells.
- Tamiflu and Relenza are examples of antivirals.
- Rest and antioxidants can support the immune system.
- Vaccines, taken beforehand, can prevent infection by introducing the immune system to viral recognition signals.
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Description
Explore the characteristics and classification of viruses, including genetic material and capsid functions. Contrast living and non-living attributes of viruses, and how viruses operate inside a host.
