Understanding Values and Family Values

Meaning of Values

• Values are the worth placed on items
• Values are beliefs, feelings, or ideas of what is important, desirable, and good, based on ideas about what is right
• Values manifest in actions
• Values can be positive, such as freedom, courtesy, good health, friendship, love, respect, tolerance, compassion, fairness, trust, and honesty
• Values can be negative, such as dishonesty, envy, falsehood, selfishness, and corruption

Meaning of Family Values

• Family values are beliefs, feelings, and ideas about what the family esteems as important
• Examples include uprightness, respect, diligence, education, a high moral stance, and trustworthiness

Intrinsic Values

• Intrinsic values are important for their own sake
• Examples include love, freedom, and truth
• Intrinsic values are the final desired value, independent, important, desirable, and simple

Instrumental Values

• Instrumental values help achieve intrinsic or high values
• Examples include orderliness, hard work, leisure, and efficiency
• Instrumental values are used to reach an end and are associated with evaluating artwork or beauty

Values that are Intrinsic and Instrumental

• These values impact and help in achieving higher values
• They impact religion, ambition, art, trust, health, efficiency, knowledge, wisdom, and love

Meaning of Lifestyles

• Lifestyle is the particular way of life of a person, family, nation, or group
• A lifestyle shows a clear view of the kind of living that brings peace or unhealthy relationships in an individual, family, or society

Types of Lifestyles

Occupation and employment

• Lifestyle depends on the job or occupation you're engaged in
• An individual's actions and behavior are influenced
• Profession as a teacher, banker, engineer, or lawyer influences the lifestyle and standard of living based on income

Roles and roles combination

• An individual's role at home, workplace, or society influences lifestyle
• Examples of roles are father, mother, children, employee, or employer

Consumer Practices

• What people consume or practice based on choices, interests, beliefs, and taste determines lifestyles
• This includes shelter, food, clothing, and fashion
• Lifestyles can be moderate, medium, or flamboyant

Importance of Value to the Individual

• Values help people make the right decisions
• Values help individuals determine what is morally right or wrong
• Values influence judgments and behavior
• Promotes healthy relationships
• Helps one become the desired person and live the desired life
• Improves self-esteem
• Guides or controls human behavior

Importance of Values to the Family

• Values provide families with an outlook on life and their identity
• Values influence judgments, behaviors, and parenting styles
• Family values act as the core of what family members base their opinions on
• Influences decisions made within and outside the family structure
• Helps control behavior
• Provides motivation for setting goals and committing to achieving them
• Influences the use of resources to achieve family goals

Importance of Value to the Society

• Promotes peace, unity, and happiness
• Values help promote and provide programs
• Helps society make sound decisions that promote and develop the economy
• Helps society develop standard good behavior to promote love, unity, and harmony
• Good value systems enhance and preserve society's continuity

Factors Influencing Values and Lifestyles

• Family members (parents, children, uncles, aunts, grandparents) contribute to values
• Religious teachings (traditional, church, or Islam) are factors
• Cultural traditions and belief systems contribute
• The school environment matters
• Peer groups influence values
• The community and neighbors are factors
• Mass media such as television, social media, radio, and cinema has an impact

Meaning of Family Conflicts

• Family conflict involves disagreement between two or more family members
• Family conflict is active opposition
• Conflict can be within a couple, between parents and children, or between siblings

Causes of Family Conflicts

Situational causes

• Situations dissatisfying people lead to conflict
• Examples are prohibiting expressing views, denying rights, or unequal treatment by parents
• Conflicts occur when members refuse to take up roles or perform responsibilities

Personality Difference

• Different behavioral patterns can cause conflicts
• No two individuals are the same; behaviors, beliefs, values, feelings, and physiques differ

Power Struggles

• Conflict arises from a family member trying to control others' affairs or making decisions without consultation

Favouritism

• Giving more love or attention to one child and neglecting others
• When husbands fail to provide housekeeping money
• When children disobey parents

Meaning of Family Crisis

• Family crisis is a turning point where things change
• Family crisis upsets normal functioning, requiring a new set of responses to the stressor
• Crises can be interpersonal, like a, or structural, involving the in-laws
• Family crisis affects relationships, goals, views, and standards

Types/Causes of Family Crisis

• Learning to live as a new couple
• Birth of a baby, which may cause neglect and financial strain
• Clashes of personality
• A child going to school
• Unemployment
• A young person becoming an adult
• Divorce
• Death or loss of a family member
• Burglary
• Retrenchment and unexpected retirement
• Natural disasters

Ways of Resolving Conflicts in the Family

• Stage one: raise awareness of conflict/problem
• Stage two: set the limits
• Stage three: argue it out
• Stage four: negotiate and compromise
• Stage five: follow up

Guidelines in Conflicts Resolutions

• Use constructive words
• Resolve conflicts peacefully
• Take turns when talking
• Listen carefully
• Respect others' feelings and views
• Control temper and tongue
• Speak truthfully

Managing Family Crisis: Arrival of a New Baby

• Families should plan and prepare properly
• Involve the father and older children in aspects of child care

Managing Family Crisis: Clashes of Personality

• Establish family values, lifestyles, goals, and standards
• When individuals have different value systems, family members must agree on how to accommodate them
• Family rules must be acceptable

Managing Family Crisis: Loss of Job/Employment

• Review family goals
• Seek alternative employment
• Family members may have to take on new responsibilities

Managing Family Crisis: Divorce

• Family members need to find ways to adjust
• Parents need to agree on helping the children
• Children should be allowed to communicate with parents
• Counseling might help

Managing Family Crisis: Death of Family Members

• Each family member should take responsibility
• Spend more time together and encourage each other
• Change or modify family goals

Meaning of Hygiene

• Hygiene is keeping your body and surroundings clean to prevent the spread of diseases

Types of Hygiene

• Personal, food, and kitchen hygiene

Meaning of Personal Hygiene

• Personal hygiene is keeping oneself clean to prevent the spread of germs and diseases
• This involves regular bathing, combing hair, brushing teeth, washing hands after using the restroom, and wearing clean clothes

Meaning of Body Odor

• The unpleasant smell from the body as a result of poor hygiene

Causes of Body Odor

• Poor hygiene during menstruation
• Accumulation of dirt
• Stale perspiration
• Failure to bathe regularly
• Using body care products (soaps, creams, perfumes) that smell bad
• Wearing dirty clothes
• Not using deodorant

Prevention of Body Odor

• Bathe regularly, especially during menstruation and after exercise
• Practice good menstrual hygiene
• Wear clean clothes
• Change underwear daily
• Do not use perfume to cover unpleasant odor
• Apply perfume to clean body and clothes
• Use perfumes and deodorant sparingly

Importance of Personal Hygiene

• Hygiene signifies your level of cleanliness
• Helps cope with temporary physical conditions (oily skin/hair, increased perspiration)
• Results in better health
• Removes body odor
• Gives a more attractive appearance
• Provides confidence

Ways of Maintaining Good Personal Hygiene

• Brush teeth daily
• Keep hair, hands, and nails clean
• Wash hands before eating

Meaning of Puberty

• Puberty marks the beginning of sexual maturation
• It occurs at different times for boys (age 14) and girls (age 12)

Meaning of Menstruation

• Menstruation involves the monthly flow of blood from the womb through the vagina during child-bearing age
• The menstrual period lasts 3-5 days and varies
• A girl becomes a woman once she starts menstruating and can get pregnant through sexual relationships

Menstrual cycle

• Menstruation occurs every 25-30 days
• Number of days before the next period is called the menstrual cycle
• Discomfort and pain before the period begins may occur, and pain-killing tablets can relieve pain

Changes During Puberty in Boys

• Voice breaks and becomes deeper
• Hair grows on/around the genital organs, under the armpits, and on the beard
• Develop sex organs
• Spermatozoa/sperm production
• Body muscles develop, and become mature in appearance
• Rapid growth in height and size
• Pimples

Changes During Puberty in Girls

• Breasts develop and nipples grow larger
• Hips become bigger, skin changes occur (appearance of pimples on the face)
• Reproductive system develops
• Menstruation starts
• Hair grows
• Rapid growth in height and size

Menstrual Hygiene

• Menstrual hygiene involves the cleanliness of the body
• Flowing blood can produce a very bad odor if the person fails to keep themselves clean

Important Hygiene Practices During Menstruation:

• Have frequent baths during menstruation
• Have local baths of the vulva area when the pad is changed
• Wrap the soiled pad in an old newspaper; put it in a refuse bin, pit toilet, or burn it
• Do not throw the pad into the water system or toilet
• Change the sanitary pad often to prevent bad odor
• Use good, absorbent sanitary pads or towels
• Wash hands with soap and water

What to do during Menstration

• It is not a disease, so carry out normal activities
• Use a little perfume and deodorant to prevent bad odor

Meaning of Adolescence

• Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood
• It is a time a person matures and moves from childhood to adulthood

Definition and Classification of an Adolescent

• An adolescent is a young person, male or female, who is developing into adulthood
• Developmental stage is classified into early (10-13 years) and late (13-20 years)

Characteristics Common to Both Adolescent Boys and Girls

• Trying to gain independence from parents
• Feeling hungry easily and needing food due to growing fast
• Becoming self-conscious
• Emotional changes (anxious, moody, irritable)
• Showing concern about the future

Special Needs and Challenges of Adolescents

• Neither children nor adults, adolescents face adjustment challenges, status ambiguity, desire independence, need for achievement, and peer pressure

Challenges

• Adjustment
  • Coping with physical change, such as enlarged breasts or menstruation in girls, voice change or bigger penis in boys
  • Feeling uncomfortable, clumsy, and anxious
• Status
  • Wanting to behave like adults but not fully adults
  • Boys might smoke and girls might wear make-up
• Independence
  • Wanting to do things independently, without parents' guidance

More on Adolescence Challenges

• Need for achievement
  • Wanting to excel
  • Becoming unhappy when they fail
• Peer pressure
  • Wanting to go along with peers

Physical Needs of Adolescents

• Arises from the physical changes during adolescence (balanced food, new clothes, girl's need for bras)

Needs for Parental Understanding and Support During Adolescence:

• Understand the changes children are going through
• Be more tolerant
• Communicate freely, give advice, and encourage the adolescents

Sexuality Information

• Planned education that fosters positive attitudes to cope with biological, physiological, socio-cultural, and spiritual aspects of human sexuality

Sources

• School and colleges
• Churches and mosques
• Television, radio, newspapers, and magazines
• Parents, elders, and the community

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS

Meaning of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases spread through sexual contact; sometimes called venereal diseases

STI Examples

• Syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, genital warts, genital herpes, Hepatitis B, and Chlamydia

Signs of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Gonorrhea

• Caused by the Neisseria gonorrhea bacterium
• Spread via sexual intercourse

Symptoms of Gonorrhea in Males

• Frequent and painful urination
• Yellowish discharge from the penis
• Waist pain
• Loss of appetite results in weight loss
• Can cause infertility

Symptoms of Gonorrhea in Females

• Frequent urination a few months after infection
• Smelly mucus oozes from the vagina
• Hip pain
• Vulva pain during sexual intercourse
• Loss of appetite
• Elevated body temperature
• Dry mouth and pale face
• Becomes dull and irritated easily
• In advanced stages: Wetting pants with foul odor
• Can cause infertility
• Affected child's eyes if the mother has the disease during pregnancy

Treatment of Gonorrhea

• Use of antibiotics
• Infected person should see a qualified medical doctor

Prevention and Control of Gonorrhea

• Avoid pre-marital sex

Syphilis

• Syphilis is caused by the bacteria called Treponema palladium
• It is spread through sexual contact or kissing

Syphilis Symptoms

• Sores on the sex organs
• Body rashes on the palms of hands, soles of feet
• Fever, sore throat, hair loss, and weight loss
• Headaches and muscular pains
• Later damage to the brain, heart, and eyes can result
• Insanity and death

Syphilis Treatment

• The patient should use antibiotics and consult a doctor

Syphilis Prevention and Control

• Abstain from pre-marital sex

Evaluation of STIs

• Define STDs/STIs
• List three signs of Gonorrhea and Syphilis

HIV/AIDS:

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• Destructive impacts on system and makes it easy for disease to attack
• Transmitted via sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing needles with HIV/AIDS patients during injection, sharing any sharp objects, and blood contact

How HIV is not Spread

• Sharing food, touching, hugging, shaking hands, carrying, or sitting close
• Sharing toilets or latrines
• Mosquitoes or other insects cannot transmit the disease

HIV/AIDS Symptoms

• Prolonged headache and high temperature with fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness
• Bulging stomach and frequent stooling
• Hair loss
• Weight loss
• Frequent coughing
• Skin rashes and boils
• Dries up when infection is pronounced
• Death

HIV/AIDS Prevention

• Abstain from pre-marital sex
• Mothers with HIV are advised not to breastfeed their babies
• Always insist on screened blood and ensure new needles are used with each injection
• Avoid sharing razors, needles or clippers
• Avoid sharing toothbrushes

Managing HIV/AIDS

• Good balance diet can help reduce the effect of the virus
• The patient needs comfort and counselling
• Antibiotics and other medicines can help people with HIV/AIDS to feel much better and to live longer
• Provide peace, rest, love and acceptance
• Help them with household work if there is time
• Make them eat nutritious food
• Give them love and support
• Share financial burdens
• Wash their clothes and sheets
• Pay them regular visits
• Nurse them

Self Medication

• Process by which an individual prescribes a drug for himself or when a person who is not professionally qualified prescribes a drug for a sick person, it is taking drugs which are not prescribed a medical doctor

Consequences of Self Medication

• Can lead to long-term health problems
• Damages organs
• Causes complications of the diseases//illness
• Results in body resistance to the abused of drugs
• Waste of money and resources
• Leads to drug abuse
• Can lead to a premature death

Meaning of Pattern Drafting

• Method of obtaining patterns by working from the measurement of the figure according to a set of instruction and drawing a shape on paper or card

Uses of Patterns in Garment Construction

• Prevents wastage of fabrics
• Helps in cutting and sewing fabrics
• Makes sewing easier and faster
• Help reduce error or mistakes
• Fasten the learning of garment construction

Stages of Pattern Drafting

• Block patterns and pattern adaptation

More on Stages of Pattern Drafting

• Block patterns: foundation pattern made of seven pieces (front bodice, back bodice, front skirt, back skirt, front trouser, back trouser, sleeves)
• Pattern adaptation the process of using the master card to develop various styles
  • Includes fashion drawing, pattern drafting, and modeling on a dress

Types of Patterns

Drafted or Self-Made

• Measurement is taken and then drafted pattern to fit perfectly

Commercial

• Designed and made by experts to fit figure types using specific body measurements

Advantages of Drafted Patterns

• Made into the person normal and accurate size
• Makes the garment made with it to be fitted
• Does not need adjustment
• Cheaper than commercial pattern and adapted to a style

Disadvantages of Drafted Pattern

• The pattern requires special skill in the drafting
• Can only be used by the owner whose size is used to draft the pattern

Advantages of Commercial Patterns

• Available in different sizes, designs, and styles
• Save time and energy
• Contain instructions on fabric laying, cutting, quantity, etc
• Make sewing easy

Disadvantages of Commercial Patterns

• Not easily available
• Expensive
• Made to fit standard figure types
• Made from poor quality paper

Tools and Equipment for Pattern Drafting

• Brown paper is used for patterns
• Scissors are for cutting
• Pencils are used for drawing guidelines
• Erasers are used for corrections
• Long rulers are for drawing lines
• French curves are used for shaping curved areas
• Pins are used for holding drafted patterns

Identifying Parts of the Body to Be Measured

Bodice

• Bust, chest, bust point, front width, front length, back width, back length, shoulders

Skirt

• Waist, Hip, Front length, Back length, and Side length

Sleeve

• Arm length, upper arm, wrist circumference

Basic Pattern Taking Body Measurements

• Required for the dress are Bodice, Bust, Chest, Bust point, Front width, Front length, Back width, Back length, and Shoulder

Measurements

• Bust – take measurement around the fullness part of the bust
• Chest - measure round the fullest part of the chest
• Bust point - this determines the angle position of bust darts
• Front width - measures from where the sleeves are inserted
• Front length – measure from neck end of the shoulder to the string aroundthe waist
• Back width measure across the back from where the sleeves are ste
• Back length – measure from nape to centre back of tape

Skirt Body Measurements

• Waist, Hip, Front length, Back length, Side length

Waist Measurements

• Waist- measure round the natural waist line
• Hip - measure the widest part of the body below the waist.
• Front length – measure from centre front waist tape to the ground
• Back length – measure from the waist tape at centre back to the ground.
• Side length- measure from waist tape at the side to the ground

Sleeve Body Measurements

• Arm length, upper arm, and wrist circumference

Types Of Sleeve Measurements

• Arm length- measure with arm bent from end of shoulder to point of elbow (short sleeve).
• Arm length- measure with arm bent from end of shoulder of wrist bone (long sleeve)
• Upper arm - circumference -with arm bent, measure around the widest part of the upper arm
• Arm length – measure from shoulder bone to the point of elbow with the arm bent (short sleeve)
• Arm length - measure from shoulder bone to the over elbow to wrist bone with the arm bent (long sleeve)
• Wrist circumference measure around wrist below wrist bone (long sleeve)

How to Draft Basic Bodice and Skirt Pattern

• Will be determined and supervised in a practical class by the teacher