Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following reflects the relationship between test validity and the scientific method?
Which of the following reflects the relationship between test validity and the scientific method?
- Establishing test validity is entirely separate and independent from the scientific method.
- Test validity relies solely on statistical measures and does not require a systematic approach like the scientific method.
- The scientific method is only relevant in the initial stages of test development, not validation.
- Establishing test validity is an application of the scientific method. (correct)
Why is 'face validity' generally considered insufficient as real evidence of a test's validity?
Why is 'face validity' generally considered insufficient as real evidence of a test's validity?
- It is a numerical measure that does not take into account outside perceptions.
- It is subjective and doesn't guarantee that the test measures the intended construct. (correct)
- It only considers the opinion of experts, while disregarding perceptions of test takers.
- It requires extensive statistical analysis, making it impractical.
According to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, which of the following is one of the main categories of validity evidence?
According to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, which of the following is one of the main categories of validity evidence?
- Incremental validity
- Practical validity
- Consequential validity
- Content-related validity (correct)
How does establishing evidence for content validity differ from establishing evidence for other types of validity, such as criterion validity?
How does establishing evidence for content validity differ from establishing evidence for other types of validity, such as criterion validity?
Predictive validity evidence differs from concurrent validity evidence primarily in terms of:
Predictive validity evidence differs from concurrent validity evidence primarily in terms of:
What does the coefficient of determination tell us about the validity coefficient in criterion-related validity evidence?
What does the coefficient of determination tell us about the validity coefficient in criterion-related validity evidence?
If a test has a validity coefficient of 0.35 for predicting job success, what does this suggest?
If a test has a validity coefficient of 0.35 for predicting job success, what does this suggest?
Which of the following is an important consideration when interpreting a validity coefficient?
Which of the following is an important consideration when interpreting a validity coefficient?
When evaluating evidence for construct validity, what are you primarily trying to determine?
When evaluating evidence for construct validity, what are you primarily trying to determine?
If you want to develop a measure for 'emotional intelligence,' what initial step is crucial for establishing construct validity?
If you want to develop a measure for 'emotional intelligence,' what initial step is crucial for establishing construct validity?
In the context of reliability and validity, what does it mean for a test to be 'so unreliable as to be invalid'?
In the context of reliability and validity, what does it mean for a test to be 'so unreliable as to be invalid'?
Which of the following best describes 'criterion validity'?
Which of the following best describes 'criterion validity'?
Examining the instructions of a math test to ensure its readability and clarity for examinees primarily contributes to:
Examining the instructions of a math test to ensure its readability and clarity for examinees primarily contributes to:
To establish content validity for a comprehensive final exam in a history course, what evidence would be most important?
To establish content validity for a comprehensive final exam in a history course, what evidence would be most important?
In the context of test validity, what is the primary role of 'expert evaluators'?
In the context of test validity, what is the primary role of 'expert evaluators'?
Which scenario exemplifies concurrent validity evidence?
Which scenario exemplifies concurrent validity evidence?
In predictive validity, what role does the 'SAT' play when predicting future college success?
In predictive validity, what role does the 'SAT' play when predicting future college success?
What does a validity coefficient of 0.50 between a pre-employment test and job performance indicate?
What does a validity coefficient of 0.50 between a pre-employment test and job performance indicate?
When evaluating validity coefficients, why is it important to consider potential changes in the cause of relationships?
When evaluating validity coefficients, why is it important to consider potential changes in the cause of relationships?
Why is defining the conceptual meaning of a criterion essential when evaluating validity coefficients?
Why is defining the conceptual meaning of a criterion essential when evaluating validity coefficients?
Considering the subject population in the validity study is essential to:
Considering the subject population in the validity study is essential to:
What is construct underrepresentation in the context of content-related evidence for validity?
What is construct underrepresentation in the context of content-related evidence for validity?
What does 'construct-irrelevant variance' refer to regarding content-related evidence for validity?
What does 'construct-irrelevant variance' refer to regarding content-related evidence for validity?
What does convergent validity evidence suggest about a new test?
What does convergent validity evidence suggest about a new test?
Discriminant validity is also called what?
Discriminant validity is also called what?
If two measures of the same quality show high correlation, what should measures of two measures that do not assess the same quality show?
If two measures of the same quality show high correlation, what should measures of two measures that do not assess the same quality show?
What does discriminant evidence measure?
What does discriminant evidence measure?
Why is it important for test to correlate more highly with itself?
Why is it important for test to correlate more highly with itself?
What respondent size is considered really good?
What respondent size is considered really good?
When conducting a factor analysis, measurement that have 30 items require how many respondents for each item?
When conducting a factor analysis, measurement that have 30 items require how many respondents for each item?
General Theory of Crime is related to which measurement?
General Theory of Crime is related to which measurement?
The Big Five Personality Theory/Model relates to what measurement?
The Big Five Personality Theory/Model relates to what measurement?
How many evaluators is the least needed?
How many evaluators is the least needed?
Content Validity is related to the measuring device being appropriate for measuring what?
Content Validity is related to the measuring device being appropriate for measuring what?
Flashcards
What is Validity?
What is Validity?
The degree to which a test accurately measures what it intends to measure.
What is Face Validity?
What is Face Validity?
The extent to which a test appears to measure what it intends to measure on the surface.
What is Content Validity?
What is Content Validity?
The extent to which the items on a test are directly related to the content being assessed.
What is Criterion Validity?
What is Criterion Validity?
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What is Predictive Validity?
What is Predictive Validity?
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What is Concurrent Validity?
What is Concurrent Validity?
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What is a Validity Coefficient?
What is a Validity Coefficient?
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What is Construct-Related Validity?
What is Construct-Related Validity?
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What is Convergent Evidence?
What is Convergent Evidence?
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What is Discriminant Evidence?
What is Discriminant Evidence?
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Self Correlation
Self Correlation
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Evaluating Validity Coefficients
Evaluating Validity Coefficients
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Study Notes
- Validity refers to the extent a test score or measure accurately reflects the quality it intends to measure.
- There are three types of validity evidence: construct-related, criterion-related, and content-related.
- Validity can exist in overlapping categories like face, predictive, and criterion validity.
Face Validity
- It determines the extent to which a measure appears to possess validity
- Face validity does not provide actual evidence to support conclusions but indicates if the test seems relevant to its purpose
- It is not a statistical number; it assesses if the test seems like a reasonable measure
Measurement and Theory
- Measurements should be developed based on a relevant theory or model.
- Measurements lacking theoretical support may be unreliable.
- Instruments may not always measure what they intend to.
- The Self-Control Scale by Grasmick et al. (1993) relates to the General Theory of Crime.
- The Revised NEO Personality Inventory by Costa & McCrae (1985) relates to the Big Five Personality Theory.
Content-Related Evidence
- This is established when test items directly relate to the content being assessed
- It is a significant concern for educational and medical testing.
- It relies on logical assessment rather than statistical analysis, covering construct underrepresentation and construct-irrelevant variance.
Content Validity vs. Face Validity
- Content validity assesses if the instrument measures the construct appropriately.
- Face validity assesses the degree to which a test measures what it intends to
- Content validity is evaluated by experts based on item content, relevance, and representativeness
- Face validity is evaluated by participants based on readability, understanding, and format
- Content validity is subjective, requiring at least two expert evaluators.
- Face validity is subjective, and past studies have used around 20 participants.
Criterion-Related Evidence
- It indicates how well a test corresponds with a specific criterion
- High correlations between a test and a well-defined measure indicate criterion validity
- Premarital tests predicting marital success stand in for estimating future marital happiness.
Predictive and Concurrent Evidence
- Predictive validity assesses a test's ability to predict future outcomes, e.g., SAT scores predicting college GPA.
- Concurrent validity assesses the relationship between a test and a criterion measured simultaneously
Validity Coefficient
- The validity coefficient indicates the relationship between a test and its related criterion
- For a validity coefficient, values between 0.30 and 0.40 are adequate, rarely exceeding 0.60
- Values are not the same as statistical significance.
- A validity coefficient above 0.35 is very beneficial, while coefficients between 0.21 and 0.35 are likely useful
- Values between 0.11 and 0.20 depend on the circumstances
- Values below 0.11 are unlikely to be useful.
Evaluating Validity Coefficients
- Ways to examine the validity coefficient:
- Look for changes that cause relationships
- Define the criterion
- Review the subject population
- Ensure adequate sample size
- Distinguish between criterion and the predictor
- Check the range for both the predictor and the criterion
- Review evidence for validity generalization
- Consider differential prediction
Construct-Related Evidence
- Used when studying psychology topics that do not have a singular criterion.
- Constructs are not always clearly defined.
- Construct validity involves identifying activities that define a construct and developing measurement tools.
- Gathering evidence helps clarify what a test measures.
Convergent Evidence
- It occurs when two or more tests assessing one criterion correlate highly, so the tests converge on the same thing
- Agreement on multiple measures is assumed to indicate that the criterion is approaching a definition because there is no well-defined criterion
Discriminant Evidence
- Two measures of the same quality should correlate highly, while measures of different qualities should not.
- Unrelated constructs should have low correlations, meaning they discriminate between qualities that are not related.
- It is also called divergent validation.
- Construct-related validity evidence encompasses activities used in other validity evidence studies.
Relationship Between Reliability and Validity
- Validity is futile without reliability.
- A test should not correlate more highly with other variables than with itself.
- Reliability and validity are related.
- The percentage of a test not in a validity coefficient may be due to variations in reliability.
Sample Size Guidelines
- Sample size guidelines for Factor Analysis (EFA):
- Minimum 100 respondents
- 250 respondents is preferrable
- 5 respondents for each item
- At least 10 respondents per item
- Guidelines
- 100 = weak, 200 = appropriate, 300 = good, 500 = really good, 1000+ = excellent
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