Understanding the Thinking Process: Definitions and Theories

What was a common focus of university research laboratories in the 1930s and 1940s?

In the 1950s and 1960s, what were many university psychology labs investigating?

Which influential book from the 1950s helped to usher in the modern era of information-processing accounts of thinking?

According to Bruner et al.'s book, how can thinking be studied?

What is a hallmark of the cognitive approach according to the text?

What does the text suggest is far more than the network of stimulus and response associations?

'A Study of Thinking' by Bruner et al. described how many studies?

'A Study of Thinking' laid the foundations for the modern study of which branch of psychology?

'A Study of Thinking' emphasized the importance of which aspect in understanding behaviors?

'A Study of Thinking' by Bruner et al. proposed that many behaviors are the result of what?

Participants in the pocket/bag condition were instructed to leave their phones in the lobby.

Having the phone nearby had a positive impact on participant performance in the 'operation span' task.

Heuristics involve an active thought process to solve problems.

The text suggests that relying on heuristics can lead to biases in decision-making.

The 'operation span' task involves basic math tests and tracking letters.

The Raven's progressive matrices task measures emotional intelligence.

The study results showed that having phones nearby improved participant performance in cognitive tasks.

Participants in all three groups placed their phones face up on the desk during the tasks.

Thinking is considered to be any mental activity, including basic visual perception and memory consolidation.

Solving an algebra problem is an example of fast thinking.

In the text, it is suggested that making a split-second decision about which route to take when a road is closed is an example of thinking.

The cognitive approach and Dual Process theory are not mentioned as theoretical approaches to the study of thinking in the text.

Gestalt theory focuses on cognitive resources and mental representations in the study of thinking.

Multitasking is not identified as a challenge to the thinking process in the text.

Coordinating sensory motor activity is always considered part of the thinking process according to the text.

Discussing prospects for a sports team is an example of slow thinking according to the text.

The text emphasizes that Freud's work had no influence on the consideration of the complexity of human thought.

The dual process approach to cognition is similar to Freudian theories in describing underlying systems of thought.

The text suggests that psychologists have not spent time trying to understand how people think.

The text implies that there is no relationship between early work and the cognitive psychological tradition.

The text implies that all accounts prior to the cognitive psychological tradition are irrelevant.

The text mentions that theologians have not shown interest in understanding why people have the thoughts they do.

The cognitive tradition completely disregards the role of unconscious motivations in thinking.

The text implies that the consideration of unconscious motivations in thinking is unique only to the psychoanalytic approach.

The theme of language and thought interaction is discussed in Chapter 5 of the text.

Inductive reasoning is covered in Chapter 5 of the text.

Chapter 8 of the text explores the influence of motivation and mood on thinking.

The second theme in the text focuses on general thinking and reasoning.

Chapter 9 delves into the psychology of judgment and decision-making.

The third theme in the text deals with the physiological outcomes of thinking.

Chapter 10 of the text covers problem-solving but excludes a section on creativity.

Each chapter in the text can only be understood when read in conjunction with other chapters.

Expert-level thinking in chess, science, and medicine is discussed in Chapter 11 of the text.

The Dual Process account provides a specific explanation for only one type of behavior.

Multitasking is never beneficial to the thinking process.

The impact of smartphones on cognition and behavior is clearly positive according to the text.

System 1 thinking includes complex problem-solving.

System 2 thinking always requires deliberate effort.

Smartphones have no impact on cognitive processing.

Multitasking can be both beneficial and detrimental to behavior depending on the context.

System 1 thinking is always deliberate and effortful.

The text implies that relying on heuristics can lead to unbiased decision-making.

In situations where time is limited, quick decisions are more likely to be influenced by implicit biases.

The automatic responses associated with System 1 thinking involve long and deliberate thought processes.

Intuitive decisions are always free from cognitive biases according to the text.

Experts are known to have a limited knowledge base according to the text.

According to the availability heuristic, people tend to make decisions based on information readily available in their consciousness.

The availability heuristic always leads to correct decisions.

The likelihood of certain events is often overestimated due to the availability heuristic.

Making decisions based on immediate information available in memory is a key feature of expert thinking.

Participants in the desk condition left most of their belongings in the lobby but took their phones into the testing room face down on the desk.

People in the other room condition carried all of their belongings into the testing room with them.

Heuristics involve an active thought process to solve problems.

The results showed that having the phone nearby significantly improved participant performance on cognitive tasks.

Multitasking is always beneficial to the thinking process according to the text.

Heuristics are always efficient and lead to correct solutions.

The text implies that relying on heuristics is considered a source of cognitive errors.

Heuristics are always a sign of adaptive cognition.

The text suggests that thinking becomes easier when dealing with familiar domains.

Making quick judgments is an example of slow thinking according to the text.

System 1 thinking always involves a slower, more deliberative approach, weighing of evidence, and conscious decision-making.

According to Evans and Stanovitch, one of the criticisms of the dual process approach is that the proposed groupings for behaviors belonging to one system are always well-aligned.

Dual process theorists have only provided clear and distinct definitions for System 1 behaviors, such as implicit, unconscious, and intuitive.

System 2 thinking requires minimal effort and can be activated automatically in decision-making processes.

The dual process approach has been criticized for providing clear and concise definitions for each type of thinking, making it easier to understand.