Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following animals have demonstrated the capacity to recognize themselves in the rouge test?
Which of the following animals have demonstrated the capacity to recognize themselves in the rouge test?
- Squirrels and Hamsters
- Cats and Dogs
- Lions and Tigers
- Asian Elephants and Magpies (correct)
Individuals with high self-concept clarity are more prone to depression and neuroticism.
Individuals with high self-concept clarity are more prone to depression and neuroticism.
False (B)
Define self-schemas in the context of self-knowledge.
Define self-schemas in the context of self-knowledge.
Self-schemas are organized bodies of knowledge about the self, including attitudes, likes/dislikes, and personality traits.
In ________ cultures, individuals tend to have an interdependent view of the self, defined by their relationships with others.
In ________ cultures, individuals tend to have an interdependent view of the self, defined by their relationships with others.
A person constantly analyzes and ruminates about every little thing they do, particularly when in a relationship. Assuming other potential causes are already ruled out, which is the most likely to describe this person?
A person constantly analyzes and ruminates about every little thing they do, particularly when in a relationship. Assuming other potential causes are already ruled out, which is the most likely to describe this person?
According to social comparison theory, under what circumstances are we most likely to compare ourselves to others?
According to social comparison theory, under what circumstances are we most likely to compare ourselves to others?
According to the self-regulatory resource model, self-control is an unlimited resource.
According to the self-regulatory resource model, self-control is an unlimited resource.
Define 'disaffirming feedback' in the context of interpersonal communication.
Define 'disaffirming feedback' in the context of interpersonal communication.
Comparing ourselves to others is most informative when those others are ______ to us on the attribute or dimension in question.
Comparing ourselves to others is most informative when those others are ______ to us on the attribute or dimension in question.
In which of the following scenarios might low self-control be considered adaptive or yield prosocial outcomes?
In which of the following scenarios might low self-control be considered adaptive or yield prosocial outcomes?
According to ego depletion perspective, which of the following can strengthen self-control?
According to ego depletion perspective, which of the following can strengthen self-control?
According to self-awareness theory, what is a potential consequence of recognizing a conflict between one's behavior and personal standards?
According to self-awareness theory, what is a potential consequence of recognizing a conflict between one's behavior and personal standards?
Individuals are generally excellent at accurately recalling their past feelings and understanding the reasons behind them.
Individuals are generally excellent at accurately recalling their past feelings and understanding the reasons behind them.
High self-esteem directly causes positive life outcomes such as better relationships and career success.
High self-esteem directly causes positive life outcomes such as better relationships and career success.
Describe one strategy, besides using your non-dominant hand, to overcome ego depletion.
Describe one strategy, besides using your non-dominant hand, to overcome ego depletion.
Define self-perception theory in the context of attitude formation.
Define self-perception theory in the context of attitude formation.
__________ intentions involve making specific plans regarding how you will obtain your goals and avoid distractions.
__________ intentions involve making specific plans regarding how you will obtain your goals and avoid distractions.
The process through which close others can help us move closer (or further) from who we ideally want to be is known as the ______.
The process through which close others can help us move closer (or further) from who we ideally want to be is known as the ______.
What is the primary characteristic of individuals who are high in self-monitoring?
What is the primary characteristic of individuals who are high in self-monitoring?
Which of the following is a key difference between self-esteem and narcissism?
Which of the following is a key difference between self-esteem and narcissism?
Match the concept with its description:
Match the concept with its description:
Which of the following statements best captures the potential long-term impact of attributing behavior to extrinsic rewards, according to the content?
Which of the following statements best captures the potential long-term impact of attributing behavior to extrinsic rewards, according to the content?
Explain the difference between affirming and failing to affirm within the context of the Michelangelo phenomenon.
Explain the difference between affirming and failing to affirm within the context of the Michelangelo phenomenon.
Which of the following best describes implicit self-esteem?
Which of the following best describes implicit self-esteem?
Secure self-esteem is characterized by high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem.
Secure self-esteem is characterized by high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem.
According to sociometer theory, what is the primary function of self-esteem?
According to sociometer theory, what is the primary function of self-esteem?
Comparing yourself to someone who is worse off than you is known as ______ social comparison.
Comparing yourself to someone who is worse off than you is known as ______ social comparison.
Which of the following is a characteristic of defensive self-esteem?
Which of the following is a characteristic of defensive self-esteem?
In which type of culture is self-enhancement most commonly observed?
In which type of culture is self-enhancement most commonly observed?
According to research, under what circumstances might an upward social comparison be motivating? (Select the BEST answer)
According to research, under what circumstances might an upward social comparison be motivating? (Select the BEST answer)
Why might individuals with negative self-views actively seek self-verification?
Why might individuals with negative self-views actively seek self-verification?
Flashcards
Self-Schemas
Self-Schemas
Organized bodies of knowledge about the self, including attitudes and traits.
Self-Concept Clarity
Self-Concept Clarity
The certainty and stability of self-schemas, indicating how well you know yourself.
Cultural Differences in Self-Knowledge
Cultural Differences in Self-Knowledge
Variations in self-perception based on individualist (independent) or collectivist (interdependent) cultures.
Introspection
Introspection
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Rouge Test
Rouge Test
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Disaffirming Feedback
Disaffirming Feedback
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Social-Comparison Theory
Social-Comparison Theory
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Self-Control
Self-Control
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Ego Depletion
Ego Depletion
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Adaptive Low Self-Control
Adaptive Low Self-Control
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Self-awareness theory
Self-awareness theory
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Cultural differences in self-awareness
Cultural differences in self-awareness
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Self-perception theory
Self-perception theory
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Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
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Self-monitoring
Self-monitoring
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Looking-glass self
Looking-glass self
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Low Self-Control
Low Self-Control
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Michelangelo phenomenon
Michelangelo phenomenon
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Implementation Intentions
Implementation Intentions
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Affirming feedback
Affirming feedback
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High Self-Esteem
High Self-Esteem
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Self-Esteem Measurement
Self-Esteem Measurement
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Implicit Self-Esteem
Implicit Self-Esteem
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Secure Self-Esteem
Secure Self-Esteem
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Defensive Self-Esteem
Defensive Self-Esteem
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Downward Social Comparison
Downward Social Comparison
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Upward Social Comparison
Upward Social Comparison
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Sociometer Theory
Sociometer Theory
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Self-Enhancement
Self-Enhancement
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Self-Verification
Self-Verification
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Study Notes
The Self
- Self-Awareness: Humans develop self-awareness around 18-24 months. Apes, dolphins, Asian elephants, and magpies also show some signs of self-awareness.
- Self-Schemas: These are organized knowledge structures about the self, encompassing attitudes, likes/dislikes, and personality traits. They include what is noticed, thought about, and remembered.
- Self-Concept Clarity (SCC): High SCC is associated with a firm sense of self and consistency. Low SCC is linked with low self-esteem, depression, and rumination. SCC can be influenced by situational factors.
- Cultural Differences: Individualist cultures (e.g., Canada) tend towards an independent view of the self, defined by individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan) emphasize interdependence and relationships.
- Self-Knowledge: Individuals gain self-knowledge through introspection (looking inward), observing their own behaviour, social interaction, and comparing themselves to others.
Self-Concept Clarity
- High SCC: Characterized by certainty about oneself and perceived consistency.
- Low SCC: Associated with lack of firm self-knowledge, low self-esteem, and proneness to depression and neuroticism.
Cultural Differences in Self-Knowledge
- Individualist Cultures: These cultures emphasize independence, uniqueness, and self-reliance.
- Collectivist Cultures: These cultures value interdependence, social harmony, and group needs over individual needs.
Self-Control
- Self-control: Enables regulating behaviour in accordance with goals, choices, and planning for the future. It is a capacity for self-regulation and override impulses/behaviour modification
- Dispositional Self-control: Relatively stable amount of self-control.
- State Self-control: Variable amount of self-control.
- Ego Depletion: Limited resource susceptible to depletion. Lower self-control can lead to negative outcomes, such as less academic success, relationship issues, and problematic behaviours such as inappropriate use of pornography.
Measuring Self-Esteem
- Self-esteem: How an individual feels about themselves.
- Explicit Self-esteem: Measured via self-report scales (e.g., Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale). This approach is influenced by concerns about social perceptions.
- Implicit Self-esteem: Arguably more resistant to social influences; thought to better reflect unconscious feelings (measured through implicit tasks).
- Types of Self-Esteem:
- Secure Self-esteem: High explicit and high implicit self-esteem.
- Defensive Self-esteem: High explicit but low implicit self-esteem.
Social Comparisons
- Downward Social Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone worse off (can enhance self-esteem).
- Upward Social Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone better off (can have a negative impact on self-esteem).
Self-Verification
- People are motivated to maintain consistent self-views, seeking confirmation, regardless of whether views are positive or negative.
- Self-verification desire can be in conflict with the desire for self-enhancement (the need to view oneself positively).
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Description
Explore self-awareness, self-schemas, and self-concept clarity. Understand cultural differences in self-perception, contrasting individualistic and collectivist viewpoints. Discover the various sources of self-knowledge, including introspection and social interaction.
