Understanding the Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?

  • Hormone production
  • Cell membrane structure
  • Genetic information storage (correct)
  • Energy storage

    • Dehydration synthesis builds molecules by removing water.

    True

    What are the monomers of proteins?

    Amino acids

    The process by which proteins lose their structure and function due to external stress is called ______.

    <p>denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biological molecules with their primary function:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Energy source Lipids = Cell membrane structure and energy storage Proteins = Catalyzing chemical reactions Nucleic Acids = Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macromolecule serves as the primary energy source for cells?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method?

    <p>Observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion, communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypothesis is valid if it is based on speculation and not necessarily testable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place.

    <p>active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of cell theory?

    <p>Cells can spontaneously generate from non-living matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a hypothesis does not explain observations, what should a scientist do?

    <p>reevaluate and rewrite the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are reusable by cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ‘if…, then… because…’ format for writing a hypothesis, the 'because' part provides the ______ for the prediction.

    <p>reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of experiments:

    <p>Independent variable = The variable that is changed by the researcher Dependent variable = The variable that is measured in response to change Control group = The group that does not receive the experimental treatment Experimental group = The group that receives the experimental treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes.

    <p>endosymbiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you use a line graph for?

    <p>To track changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of passive transport?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On which axis is the independent variable graphed?

    <p>x-axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A graph title should always include the variables being measured, the unit of measurement, and a clear descriptive focus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport requires energy to move molecules across a membrane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when substances move down their concentration gradient?

    <p>Substances move from high to low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion is an example of active transport.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>The movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a ______ environment, a cell gains water.

    <p>hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following environments with their effects on cell water movement:

    <p>Hypertonic = Cell gains water Hypotonic = Cell loses water Isotonic = No net water gain or loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport do membrane pumps perform?

    <p>Active transport from low to high concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does photosynthesis primarily take place in a plant?

    <p>In the leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The byproduct of the light reactions in photosynthesis is glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main product of the Calvin cycle is ______.

    <p>G3P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light in chloroplasts?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reading the procedures of an experiment before and during an investigation?

    <p>To maintain safety and accuracy of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experimental error occurs when a mistake is made during the experiment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biotic factors? Provide two examples.

    <p>Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem. Examples include plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trophic level with the greatest ____ is the producer.

    <p>biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of consumers with their definitions:

    <p>Primary consumer = Eats producers Secondary consumer = Eats primary consumers Tertiary consumer = Eats secondary consumers Decomposer = Breaks down dead organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about heterotrophs?

    <p>They cannot make their own food and rely on consuming other organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientists should manipulate data to support their hypotheses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

    <p>Qualitative data is non-numeric, while quantitative data is numeric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi and bacteria are examples of ____.

    <p>decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four most common elements that make up organisms?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH scale measures the basicity of a substance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest trophic level that a predator could occupy?

    <p>The second trophic level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an aqueous solution, the solvent is ____.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of organisms with their energy acquisition methods:

    <p>Autotrophs = Producers that make their own food Chemosynthetic organisms = Use chemical reactions for energy Photosynthetic organisms = Use sunlight for energy Heterotrophs = Consume other organisms for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nature of Science

    • Scientific Method Steps (with examples):

      • Observation: Why do plants grow taller in sunlight compared to shade?
      • Question: Why do plants grow taller in sunlight compared to shade?
      • Background Research: Research the role of sunlight in a plant's growth.
      • Hypothesis: If a plant receives more sunlight, then it will grow taller because sunlight provides energy for photosynthesis.
      • Experiment: Plant growth in inches over a time period with and without sunlight to test the hypothesis.
      • Data Collection & Analysis: Measure the amount of inches grown.
      • Conclusion: The plant in sunlight grew 7 cm taller than the plant without sunlight.
      • Communication: Share results with the class.

    • Hypothesis Characteristics:

      • Testable
      • Falsifiable
      • Based on evidence
      • Logical
      • Specific
      • Repeatable

    • Controlled Experiments and Controls:

      • Controlled experiments help determine if the independent variable truly causes the change.
      • Controls isolate potential confounding variables

    • Graphing:

      • Title: Includes variables, units, and description.
      • Axes: Dependent variable (y-axis), Independent variable (x-axis).
      • Line graph: Used for tracking change over time.

    • Control vs. Experimental Groups and Constants:

      • Control group: not changed, experimental group: is changed.
      • Constants: conditions kept the same.

    • Procedure Importance: Reading experimental procedures ensures safety and accurate data collection.

    • Error:

      • Experimental Error: Problems during the experiment itself.
      • Human Error: Mistakes made by individuals conducting the experiment.
      • Both are important to account for.

    • Communication: Sharing results allows for accuracy checks and evaluation. Data should not be manipulated.

    • Inference vs. Direct Observation:

      • Inference uses prior knowledge to guess an outcome.
      • Direct observation records factual data.

    • Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data:

      • Qualitative: non-numeric data (descriptions).
      • Quantitative: data expressed in numbers.

    Ecology

    • Biosphere: Earth's life-supporting region.

    • Biomes: Large ecosystems determined by climate and organisms.

    • Ecosystem Components:

      • Biotic: Living (plants, animals, decomposers).
      • Abiotic: Nonliving (temperature, water, sunlight).

    • Temperate Forest Biome:

      • Deciduous trees (lose leaves seasonally).
      • Common animals: deer, foxes, birds.

    • Ecosystem Organization (Simplest to Most Complex):

      • Organism
      • Population
      • Community
      • Ecosystem
      • Biome
      • Biosphere

    • Energy Transfer Roles:

      • Autotrophs (Producers): Make their own food (photosynthesis/chemosynthesis).
        • Chemosynthetic: Use chemicals as energy source.
        • Photosynthetic: Utilize sunlight.

    • Heterotrophs (Consumers):

      • Primary Consumers: Herbivores.
      • Secondary Consumers: Carnivores or omnivores.
      • Tertiary Consumers: Top predators.

    • Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter; fungi and bacteria.

    • Trophic Levels: Levels in the food chain/web with the flow of energy.

      • Producers (most energy)
      • Primary Consumers
      • Secondary Consumers
      • Tertiary Consumers
      • Decomposers.

    • Energy Pyramid: Energy decreases at higher trophic levels.

    • Original Energy Source in Pond Ecosystem: Sunlight.

    • Energy Transfer Percentage: 10%

    • Predator: Organism that hunts and consumes others. Lowest trophic level: 2nd

    Biochemistry

    • Elements: Basic substances cannot be broken down.

    • Common Elements in Organisms: Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.

    • Chemical Reactions: Reactants (substrates) → Products.

    • pH Scale: Measures acidity; acids <7, bases >7.

    • Solutions: Mixtures with solute dissolved in solvent.

      • Solute: Dissolved substance
      • Solvent: Dissolving substance

    • Solvent in Blood/Cells: Water.

    • Monomers and Polymers:

      • Monomers: Small units
      • Polymers: Constructed from monomers.

    • Dehydration Synthesis: Builds molecules.

    • Hydrolysis: Breaks molecules apart.

    • Carbohydrates: Contain C, H, O.

      • Monomers: Monosaccharides.
      • Polymers: Polysaccharides (energy storage/structure), Disaccharides (energy).
      • Function: Cell fuel.

    • Lipids: Fats, oils, hydrophobic.

      • Phospholipids: Form cell membranes.
      • Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic: Water-loving vs. water-fearing.

    • Proteins: Made of amino acids.

      • Enzymes: Catalysts (speed up chemical reactions); reusable.
        • Active site: Location of enzymatic activity.
        • Activation Energy: Lowered by enzymes.
        • Denaturation: Loss of structure and function due to changes in pH/temp.

    • Nucleic Acids: Carry genetic information— DNA and RNA.

      • Monomer: Nucleotides.
      • Genes: DNA segments, fuel currency— ATP

    CELLS/CELL TRANSPORT (HOMEOSTASIS)

    • Cell Theory:

      • All living things are made of cells
      • Cells are the basic unit of life
      • Cells come from pre-existing cells.

    • Cell Necessities: Nutrients (building blocks), oxygen (energy).

    • Cell Size Limits: Surface area-to-volume ratio (SA/Vol). Larger SA/Vol is better.

    • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells:

      • Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
      • Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no organelles.

    • Common Cell Parts: Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton.

    • Plant Cell Unique Parts: Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole.

    • Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes.

    • Organelle Evolution:

      • Mitochondria: aerobic prokaryote
      • Chloroplasts: cyanobacterium

    • Cell Transport:

      • Selective Permeability: Cell membrane lets certain substances pass through.

    • Passive vs. Active Transport:

      • Passive Transport: No energy required, movement with the concentration gradient
      • Active Transport: Energy required, movement against the concentration gradient.

    • Concentration Gradient: Difference in concentration between two areas.

      • 'Down' the gradient: high to low concentration
      • 'Against' the gradient: low to high concentration.

    • Diffusion & Osmosis:

      • Osmosis: Water moves from low to high solute concentration, across a membrane.
      • Tonicity: Relative solute concentration in a solution.
        • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell.
        • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside the cell.
        • Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell.
        • Effects of each on water movement in/out of cells, and role of a cell wall.

    • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport using proteins to help molecules move across the membrane

      • Aquaporins, ion channels, carrier proteins.

    • Active Transport: Membrane pumps move substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

    Photosynthesis

    • Autotrophs: Produce their own food— utilize energy from the sun.

    • Photosynthesis Process: Plants convert sunlight, CO2, and H2O into glucose and O2.

    • Photosynthesis Location: Leaves.

    • Gas Exchange: Stomata (pores).

    • Light Reactions Product: Oxygen.

    • Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide.

    • Chlorophyll: Absorbs light; reflects green light.

    • Chloroplast Structure:

      • Thylakoids: Light-dependent reactions occur here.
      • Stroma: Light-independent (Calvin cycle) reactions occur here.

    • Light-Dependent Reactions Inputs and Outputs:

      • Inputs: Water, light, inorganic phosphate, NADP+, ADP
      • Outputs: Oxygen, NADPH, ATP

    • Light-Independent (Calvin Cycle) Reactions: Convert inorganic CO2 into organic compounds.

    • Products: G3P, ADP, NADP+

    • Calvin Cycle Location: Stroma

    • G3P: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

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    This quiz explores the essential steps of the scientific method, including observation, hypothesis formation, and controlled experiments. Test your knowledge on how to conduct experiments and analyze results while ensuring your hypotheses are testable and repeatable. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of scientific inquiry.

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