Understanding the Molecular Basis of Cancer

Such genetic damage (or mutation) may be acquired due to the effect of environmental agents, (such as chemicals, radiations, viruses), or it may be inherited in the ______ (while you are an embryo).

Malignancy is a multistep process; it develops when cells start to proliferate uncontrollably. This is usually the result of some ______ genetic damage.

Theoretically, tumours develop from a single transformed cell that has acquired some genetic damage. The transformed cell subsequently proliferates and the tissue expands to form a ______.

There are four classes of cell cycle regulatory genes which control cell proliferation. Some genes stimulate cell proliferations, other genes oppose cell proliferations. These four groups of genes are: A- ______

Proto-oncogenes are present normally and they activate cell proliferation in an organised way, when these normal Proto-oncogenes become abnormal (due to mutation), then we call them ______.

Oncogens promote cell growth in the absence of normal mitogenic signals. The abnormal genes stimulate cell proliferation through one of ______ mechanisms.

it may amplify the receptors for growth factors which are present on the surface of cells, examples of this are the RET proto-oncogene and C-KIT seen in some tumours. - it may enhance the signalling pathway inside the cell which stimulate proliferation, an examples of this is the RAS family of proto-oncogene. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on genes involved in cell growth. Mutations in RAS genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins. As a result, this can cause overactive signaling inside the cell (even in the absence of incoming signals). There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it my activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. it may ____ the receptors for growth factors which are present on the surface of cells

it may amplify the receptors for growth factors which are present on the surface of cells, examples of this are the RET proto-oncogene and C-KIT seen in some tumours. - it may enhance the signalling pathway inside the cell which stimulate proliferation, an examples of this is the RAS family of proto-oncogene. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on genes involved in cell growth. Mutations in RAS genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins. As a result, this can cause overactive signaling inside the cell (even in the absence of incoming signals). There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it my activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. it may enhance the signalling pathway inside the cell which stimulate ____

it may amplify the receptors for growth factors which are present on the surface of cells, examples of this are the RET proto-oncogene and C-KIT seen in some tumours. - it may enhance the signalling pathway inside the cell which stimulate proliferation, an examples of this is the RAS family of proto-oncogene. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on genes involved in cell growth. Mutations in RAS genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins. As a result, this can cause overactive signaling inside the cell (even in the absence of incoming signals). There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it my activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on ____ involved in cell growth

There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it my activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it may activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. One example is the RAS family of proto-oncogene. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on ____ involved in cell growth

it may activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on genes involved in cell growth. Mutations in RAS genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins. As a result, this can cause overactive signaling inside the cell (even in the absence of incoming signals). There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it may activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. _____ are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer

it may activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect Cyclins (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. Pro-oncogenes are dominant genes, so abnormality in one allele can produce cancer. On the other hand, tumour suppressor genes are recessive. When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which turns on genes involved in cell growth. Mutations in RAS genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins. As a result, this can cause overactive signaling inside the cell (even in the absence of incoming signals). There are different types of RAS, the most important is KRAS which is found in many cancers, especially colon cancer. The presence or absence of KRAS is usually investigated in cases of advanced colorectal cancer to determine the treatment plan. -it may activate transcription factors (which are responsible for switching the DNA sequence responsible for cell division, one example is the c-MYC proto-oncogene seen in Burkett’s lymphoma. -it may affect _____ (like Cyclin-D) which regulate the cell cycle

What are the two mechanisms by which oncogenes promote cell proliferation?

What do we call normal proto-oncogenes when they become abnormal due to mutation?

What is the result of some genetic damage in the multistep process of malignancy development?

What is the tissue formed when a single transformed cell with genetic damage proliferates?

What is the impact of RAS being 'switched on' by incoming signals?

What are the four classes of cell cycle regulatory genes which control cell proliferation?

What is the molecular basis for cancer?

How do tumours develop according to the text?

What are the two ways in which genetic damage or mutation may be acquired?

What are Proto-oncogenes and when do they become abnormal?

What are the four classes of cell cycle regulatory genes?

How do oncogenes promote cell growth in the absence of normal mitogenic signals?