Internet Network Infrastructure Quiz and Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of routers in the Internet?

Routers provide programming interfaces to apps.

Routers control the sending and receiving of messages.

Routers send and receive emails.

Routers forward packets of data. (correct)

Which component is not part of the 'nuts and bolts' view of the Internet?

Web service (correct)

Home network

Server

What do ISPs stand for in the context of the Internet?

Internet Service Providers (correct)

Interconnected Server Protocols

Internet Service Protocols

Institutional Service Providers

Which organization is responsible for Internet standards like RFC?

IETF Signup and view all the answers

What type of links connect hosts within a home network?

Wired links Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is highlighted in the service view of the Internet?

Sending and receiving app programs Signup and view all the answers

What type of devices are considered as end systems in the 'nuts and bolts' view of the Internet?

PC server and wireless laptop Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is used to control the sending and receiving of messages in the 'network of networks' view of the Internet?

TCP and IP Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of packet router switches in the Internet infrastructure?

Forward chunks of data known as packets Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for Internet standards like RFC (Request for Comments)?

IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Signup and view all the answers

What do ISPs provide in the service view of the Internet?

Service options for applications Signup and view all the answers

Which type of links connect hosts within a home network?

Fiber links Signup and view all the answers

What happens if packets are lost due to full buffers at a router in scenario 2?

Sender only resends packets confirmed as lost. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the asymptotic goodput remain at R/2 even when some packets are retransmissions?

The sender only resends packets confirmed as lost. Signup and view all the answers

In scenario 2, what is the consequence of premature timeouts by the sender?

Some packets are retransmitted unnecessarily. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of having duplicates due to premature timeouts in scenario 2?

Decrease in goodput. Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of senders and multihop paths impact congestion in scenario 3?

It leads to more retransmissions. Signup and view all the answers

What is one 'cost' of congestion mentioned in the text related to retransmissions?

Unnecessary retransmissions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a sender sends two copies prematurely due to timeout in scenario 2?

Both copies are delivered successfully. Signup and view all the answers

'Goodput' remains at R/2 even if some packets are retransmissions because:

'Goodput' accounts for successful packet deliveries over time. Signup and view all the answers

'Realistic: Duplicates' in scenario 2 refer to:

'Realistic: Duplicates' cause unnecessary retransmissions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the `#include` directive in a C++ program?

To include a header file Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the `using namespace std;` statement?

To specify the namespace to use Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the function that is the entry point of a C++ program?

main Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the `cout` object in a C++ program?

To output data to the screen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a comment in a C++ program?

To explain the code to the reader Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the `int main()` function?

To start the program execution Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a block in a C++ program?

To group a set of statements together Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a server operating system from a desktop operating system?

Server operating systems prioritize background process management. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following services is NOT typically provided by Windows Server 2012/R2?

Web browsing capabilities Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does a computer function as a server?

When software is installed to provide network services to clients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a desktop operating system, according to the content?

Limited in managing network services effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor influences the functions a server performs?

The type and size of the business using the server. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is supported by both the Datacenter and Standard editions of Windows Server 2012/R2?

Up to 4 TB of RAM Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Essential Edition of Windows Server 2012/R2?

Automatically configured as a root domain controller. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in virtualization capabilities between Datacenter and Standard Editions?

Datacenter Edition allows for unlimited virtual instances, Standard allows for only two. Signup and view all the answers

Which edition of Windows Server 2012/R2 is specifically designed for small businesses with fewer than 25 users?

Essential Edition Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT supported by Windows Server 2012/R2 Editions?

Unlimited client access licenses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Foundation Edition of Windows Server 2012/R2?

Limited to 15 users Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes server operating systems from desktop operating systems?

Server operating systems prioritize network access performance. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'virtual machine' refer to in the context of virtualization?

A software that emulates a hardware environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following services is provided by Windows Server 2012/R2?

Web Server Signup and view all the answers

What influences the functions that a server performs?

The type and size of the business using the server Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a public cloud?

Provided by a third party Signup and view all the answers

Which desktop operating system feature is supported in a limited capacity?

Web Server capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What role does a hypervisor play in virtualization?

It creates and monitors the virtual hardware environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a private cloud?

Serviced by an internal IT department Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of Windows Server 2012/R2's Active Directory?

To provide a centralized management system for users and resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which service is NOT typically associated with server operating systems?

Word Processing Applications Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the capabilities of Windows Server 2012/R2?

Can be configured as a root domain controller Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of server hardware?

Optimized for running distributed applications. Signup and view all the answers

Why are server operating systems considered crucial for organizations?

They facilitate the connection of multiple client computers and storage access. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) play in network management?

It automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on the network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of logged-on network users supported by Windows 10?

20 Signup and view all the answers

Which editions of Windows Server 2012/R2 allow for an unlimited number of virtual instances?

Datacenter Edition Signup and view all the answers

What feature is uniquely available in the Essential Edition of Windows Server 2012/R2?

Automatically configured as a root domain controller Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of RAM supported by both Datacenter and Standard Editions of Windows Server 2012/R2?

4 TB Signup and view all the answers

How many physical processors must you purchase a Datacenter Edition license for?

One for every two processors Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is supported by both Datacenter and Standard Editions but not by the Essential Edition?

Server clusters with up to 64 nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for both Datacenter and Standard Editions when it comes to user access?

Requires Client Access Licenses (CALs) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a feature of Windows Server 2012/R2 Standard Edition?

Includes a management Dashboard Signup and view all the answers

What type of configuration does the Management Interface called Dashboard provide in the Essential Edition?

Graphical user interface for ease of use Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of Windows Server 2012/R2 Editions that allows for server operation without a standard graphical user interface?

Server Core mode Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 3: Transport Layer

The transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts.
Transport protocols run in end systems, breaking application messages into segments, and passing them to the network layer.
The receiver reassembles segments into messages and passes them to the application layer.
Multiple transport protocols are available to applications, including TCP and UDP.

Transport Layer Services

Transport layer services provide:
- Multiplexing and demultiplexing
- Reliable data transfer
- Flow control
- Congestion control

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Multiplexing: combining multiple application messages into a single transport layer segment
Demultiplexing: extracting multiple application messages from a single transport layer segment

Connectionless Transport: UDP

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless transport protocol.
UDP provides no guarantee of delivery or order of packets.

Principles of Reliable Data Transfer

Reliable data transfer involves error detection and correction.
Error detection uses checksums to detect bit errors.
Receiver feedback (ACKs and NAKs) is used to recover from errors.

RDT 2.0: A Reliable Data Transfer Protocol

RDT 2.0 is a reliable data transfer protocol that uses error detection and receiver feedback.
The protocol uses ACKs and NAKs to recover from errors.
RDT 2.0 has a fatal flaw, manifesting as lost packets and long delays.

Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented transport protocol.
TCP provides reliable data transfer and guarantees delivery and order of packets.
TCP segment structure includes a header and data.
TCP provides flow control and congestion control.

TCP Congestion Control

TCP congestion control regulates the amount of data sent to prevent network congestion.
Causes of congestion include:
- Lost packets (buffer overflow at routers)
- Long delays (queueing in router buffers)
Costs of congestion include:
- Decreased goodput
- Unneeded retransmissions

Principles of Congestion Control

Congestion control involves regulating the amount of data sent to prevent network congestion.
Congestion control scenarios include:
- Scenario 1: unlimited shared output link buffers
- Scenario 2: one router, finite buffers
- Scenario 3: four senders, multihop paths

Note: These study notes focus on the key concepts and ideas presented in the text, and are organized to facilitate easy review and understanding of the material.

Introduction to C++

C++ program consists of several parts, including comments, preprocessor directives, and functions.

The Parts of a C++ Program

A C++ program can have comments, which start with // and are ignored by the compiler.
The #include directive is a preprocessor directive that tells the compiler to include a file.
The using namespace std; statement specifies which namespace to use.
The int main() function is the entry point of the program, where execution begins.
The {} block is used to group statements together in a function.

C++ Program Structure

A C++ program typically includes a main function, which is the starting point of the program.
The main function contains a block of code, which is enclosed in {}.

Role of a Server Operating System

Server functions are influenced by business type, size, and technology commitment.
Servers provide essential services for organizational operations.

Server: Hardware or Software?

A server transforms when network service software is installed on it.
Typical desktop OS (like Windows 10/11) are designed for personal use but can offer basic server functions.
Server OS are optimized for network performance and background processing.

Windows Server 2012/R2 Network Services

Key services include:
- File and Printer Sharing
- Web Server
- Routing and Remote Access Services (RRAS)
- Domain Name System (DNS)
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server
- Active Directory
- Distributed File System (DFS)
- Hyper-V

Desktop Versus Server Operating Systems

Windows 10 supports limited server capabilities (e.g., Hyper-V) for up to 20 users.
Windows Server 2012/R2 incorporates advanced features like RAID 5 and load balancing.

Editions of Windows Server 2012/R2

Editions include Datacenter, Standard, Essential, and Foundation, providing tailored solutions for various business needs.

Datacenter and Standard Editions

Datacenter Edition offers unlimited virtual OS instances and requires licensing for physical processors.
Standard Edition supports two virtual instances and includes features equivalent to Datacenter Edition.
Both editions accommodate up to 4 TB RAM, 64 physical processors, and server clusters with 64 nodes.
Server Core installation without GUI is possible, and Client Access Licenses (CALs) are mandatory for users.

Essential Edition

Targeted at businesses with up to 25 users and automatically functions as a root domain controller.
Pre-configured services include Active Directory, DNS, Web Server (IIS), and more.
Simple management via Dashboard, with no CALs required.

Foundation Edition

Entry-level edition for small businesses with up to 15 users, available only as OEM.
Supports one physical processor, up to 32 GB RAM, and can operate as a stand-alone or root domain controller.
Hyper-V support is not included.

Windows Server 2012/R2 and the Private Cloud

Cloud computing consists of technologies for abstracting resources for users.
Virtualization is key, enabling multiple OS to run on a single server.

Virtualization Concepts

Virtual Machine (VM) mimics physical hardware environments.
Host computer refers to the physical machine running VMs.
Virtualization software facilitates the creation and management of VMs.
Hypervisor constructs and oversees virtual hardware environments.

Public Cloud versus Private Cloud

Public cloud services, like Dropbox or Google Apps, are provided by external entities.
Private cloud services are managed internally, catering to virtual desktops, storage, and applications.
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) allows user access to desktops via web browsers or client software, ensuring mobility.

The Role of a Server Operating System

Server functions are influenced by business type, size, and technology commitment.
A server provides essential services to support organizational operations.