Understanding the Internet Infrastructure
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of routers in the Internet?

  • Routers provide programming interfaces to apps.
  • Routers control the sending and receiving of messages.
  • Routers send and receive emails.
  • Routers forward packets of data. (correct)

    • Which component is not part of the 'nuts and bolts' view of the Internet?

  • Web service (correct)
  • Home network
  • PC
  • Server

    • What do ISPs stand for in the context of the Internet?

  • Internet Service Providers (correct)
  • Interconnected Server Protocols
  • Internet Service Protocols
  • Institutional Service Providers

    • Which organization is responsible for Internet standards like RFC?

    <p>IETF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of links connect hosts within a home network?

    <p>Wired links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is highlighted in the service view of the Internet?

    <p>Sending and receiving app programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of devices are considered as end systems in the 'nuts and bolts' view of the Internet?

    <p>PC server and wireless laptop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is used to control the sending and receiving of messages in the 'network of networks' view of the Internet?

    <p>TCP and IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of packet router switches in the Internet infrastructure?

    <p>Forward chunks of data known as packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for Internet standards like RFC (Request for Comments)?

    <p>IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ISPs provide in the service view of the Internet?

    <p>Service options for applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of links connect hosts within a home network?

    <p>Fiber links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if packets are lost due to full buffers at a router in scenario 2?

    <p>Sender only resends packets confirmed as lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the asymptotic goodput remain at R/2 even when some packets are retransmissions?

    <p>The sender only resends packets confirmed as lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In scenario 2, what is the consequence of premature timeouts by the sender?

    <p>Some packets are retransmitted unnecessarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of having duplicates due to premature timeouts in scenario 2?

    <p>Decrease in goodput.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of senders and multihop paths impact congestion in scenario 3?

    <p>It leads to more retransmissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one 'cost' of congestion mentioned in the text related to retransmissions?

    <p>Unnecessary retransmissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a sender sends two copies prematurely due to timeout in scenario 2?

    <p>Both copies are delivered successfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Goodput' remains at R/2 even if some packets are retransmissions because:

    <p>'Goodput' accounts for successful packet deliveries over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Realistic: Duplicates' in scenario 2 refer to:

    <p>'Realistic: Duplicates' cause unnecessary retransmissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the #include directive in a C++ program?

    <p>To include a header file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the using namespace std; statement?

    <p>To specify the namespace to use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the function that is the entry point of a C++ program?

    <p>main</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cout object in a C++ program?

    <p>To output data to the screen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a comment in a C++ program?

    <p>To explain the code to the reader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the int main() function?

    <p>To start the program execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a block in a C++ program?

    <p>To group a set of statements together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a server operating system from a desktop operating system?

    <p>Server operating systems prioritize background process management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following services is NOT typically provided by Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Web browsing capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario does a computer function as a server?

    <p>When software is installed to provide network services to clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a desktop operating system, according to the content?

    <p>Limited in managing network services effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor influences the functions a server performs?

    <p>The type and size of the business using the server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is supported by both the Datacenter and Standard editions of Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Up to 4 TB of RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Essential Edition of Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Automatically configured as a root domain controller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in virtualization capabilities between Datacenter and Standard Editions?

    <p>Datacenter Edition allows for unlimited virtual instances, Standard allows for only two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which edition of Windows Server 2012/R2 is specifically designed for small businesses with fewer than 25 users?

    <p>Essential Edition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT supported by Windows Server 2012/R2 Editions?

    <p>Unlimited client access licenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Foundation Edition of Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Limited to 15 users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes server operating systems from desktop operating systems?

    <p>Server operating systems prioritize network access performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'virtual machine' refer to in the context of virtualization?

    <p>A software that emulates a hardware environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following services is provided by Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Web Server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the functions that a server performs?

    <p>The type and size of the business using the server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a public cloud?

    <p>Provided by a third party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which desktop operating system feature is supported in a limited capacity?

    <p>Web Server capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a hypervisor play in virtualization?

    <p>It creates and monitors the virtual hardware environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a private cloud?

    <p>Serviced by an internal IT department</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of Windows Server 2012/R2's Active Directory?

    <p>To provide a centralized management system for users and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service is NOT typically associated with server operating systems?

    <p>Word Processing Applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the capabilities of Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Can be configured as a root domain controller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of server hardware?

    <p>Optimized for running distributed applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are server operating systems considered crucial for organizations?

    <p>They facilitate the connection of multiple client computers and storage access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) play in network management?

    <p>It automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of logged-on network users supported by Windows 10?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which editions of Windows Server 2012/R2 allow for an unlimited number of virtual instances?

    <p>Datacenter Edition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is uniquely available in the Essential Edition of Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>Automatically configured as a root domain controller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum amount of RAM supported by both Datacenter and Standard Editions of Windows Server 2012/R2?

    <p>4 TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many physical processors must you purchase a Datacenter Edition license for?

    <p>One for every two processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is supported by both Datacenter and Standard Editions but not by the Essential Edition?

    <p>Server clusters with up to 64 nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for both Datacenter and Standard Editions when it comes to user access?

    <p>Requires Client Access Licenses (CALs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a feature of Windows Server 2012/R2 Standard Edition?

    <p>Includes a management Dashboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of configuration does the Management Interface called Dashboard provide in the Essential Edition?

    <p>Graphical user interface for ease of use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of Windows Server 2012/R2 Editions that allows for server operation without a standard graphical user interface?

    <p>Server Core mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 3: Transport Layer

    • The transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts.
    • Transport protocols run in end systems, breaking application messages into segments, and passing them to the network layer.
    • The receiver reassembles segments into messages and passes them to the application layer.
    • Multiple transport protocols are available to applications, including TCP and UDP.

    Transport Layer Services

    • Transport layer services provide:
      • Multiplexing and demultiplexing
      • Reliable data transfer
      • Flow control
      • Congestion control

    Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

    • Multiplexing: combining multiple application messages into a single transport layer segment
    • Demultiplexing: extracting multiple application messages from a single transport layer segment

    Connectionless Transport: UDP

    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless transport protocol.
    • UDP provides no guarantee of delivery or order of packets.

    Principles of Reliable Data Transfer

    • Reliable data transfer involves error detection and correction.
    • Error detection uses checksums to detect bit errors.
    • Receiver feedback (ACKs and NAKs) is used to recover from errors.

    RDT 2.0: A Reliable Data Transfer Protocol

    • RDT 2.0 is a reliable data transfer protocol that uses error detection and receiver feedback.
    • The protocol uses ACKs and NAKs to recover from errors.
    • RDT 2.0 has a fatal flaw, manifesting as lost packets and long delays.

    Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP

    • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented transport protocol.
    • TCP provides reliable data transfer and guarantees delivery and order of packets.
    • TCP segment structure includes a header and data.
    • TCP provides flow control and congestion control.

    TCP Congestion Control

    • TCP congestion control regulates the amount of data sent to prevent network congestion.
    • Causes of congestion include:
      • Lost packets (buffer overflow at routers)
      • Long delays (queueing in router buffers)
    • Costs of congestion include:
      • Decreased goodput
      • Unneeded retransmissions

    Principles of Congestion Control

    • Congestion control involves regulating the amount of data sent to prevent network congestion.
    • Congestion control scenarios include:
      • Scenario 1: unlimited shared output link buffers
      • Scenario 2: one router, finite buffers
      • Scenario 3: four senders, multihop paths

    Note: These study notes focus on the key concepts and ideas presented in the text, and are organized to facilitate easy review and understanding of the material.

    Introduction to C++

    • C++ program consists of several parts, including comments, preprocessor directives, and functions.

    The Parts of a C++ Program

    • A C++ program can have comments, which start with // and are ignored by the compiler.
    • The #include directive is a preprocessor directive that tells the compiler to include a file.
    • The using namespace std; statement specifies which namespace to use.
    • The int main() function is the entry point of the program, where execution begins.
    • The {} block is used to group statements together in a function.

    C++ Program Structure

    • A C++ program typically includes a main function, which is the starting point of the program.
    • The main function contains a block of code, which is enclosed in {}.

    Role of a Server Operating System

    • Server functions are influenced by business type, size, and technology commitment.
    • Servers provide essential services for organizational operations.

    Server: Hardware or Software?

    • A server transforms when network service software is installed on it.
    • Typical desktop OS (like Windows 10/11) are designed for personal use but can offer basic server functions.
    • Server OS are optimized for network performance and background processing.

    Windows Server 2012/R2 Network Services

    • Key services include:
      • File and Printer Sharing
      • Web Server
      • Routing and Remote Access Services (RRAS)
      • Domain Name System (DNS)
      • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
      • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server
      • Active Directory
      • Distributed File System (DFS)
      • Hyper-V

    Desktop Versus Server Operating Systems

    • Windows 10 supports limited server capabilities (e.g., Hyper-V) for up to 20 users.
    • Windows Server 2012/R2 incorporates advanced features like RAID 5 and load balancing.

    Editions of Windows Server 2012/R2

    • Editions include Datacenter, Standard, Essential, and Foundation, providing tailored solutions for various business needs.

    Datacenter and Standard Editions

    • Datacenter Edition offers unlimited virtual OS instances and requires licensing for physical processors.
    • Standard Edition supports two virtual instances and includes features equivalent to Datacenter Edition.
    • Both editions accommodate up to 4 TB RAM, 64 physical processors, and server clusters with 64 nodes.
    • Server Core installation without GUI is possible, and Client Access Licenses (CALs) are mandatory for users.

    Essential Edition

    • Targeted at businesses with up to 25 users and automatically functions as a root domain controller.
    • Pre-configured services include Active Directory, DNS, Web Server (IIS), and more.
    • Simple management via Dashboard, with no CALs required.

    Foundation Edition

    • Entry-level edition for small businesses with up to 15 users, available only as OEM.
    • Supports one physical processor, up to 32 GB RAM, and can operate as a stand-alone or root domain controller.
    • Hyper-V support is not included.

    Windows Server 2012/R2 and the Private Cloud

    • Cloud computing consists of technologies for abstracting resources for users.
    • Virtualization is key, enabling multiple OS to run on a single server.

    Virtualization Concepts

    • Virtual Machine (VM) mimics physical hardware environments.
    • Host computer refers to the physical machine running VMs.
    • Virtualization software facilitates the creation and management of VMs.
    • Hypervisor constructs and oversees virtual hardware environments.

    Public Cloud versus Private Cloud

    • Public cloud services, like Dropbox or Google Apps, are provided by external entities.
    • Private cloud services are managed internally, catering to virtual desktops, storage, and applications.
    • Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) allows user access to desktops via web browsers or client software, ensuring mobility.

    The Role of a Server Operating System

    • Server functions are influenced by business type, size, and technology commitment.
    • A server provides essential services to support organizational operations.

    Server: Hardware or Software?

    • A computer becomes a server when it runs software offering network services to clients.
    • Desktop operating systems (e.g., Windows 10/11) can perform basic server functions but are not specifically optimized for such tasks.
    • Server operating systems focus on network performance and background processes rather than desktop apps.

    Differences Between Server and Desktop Operating Systems

    • Windows Server 2012/R2 provides extensive network services:
      • File and Printer Sharing
      • Web Server
      • Routing and Remote Access Services (RRAS)
      • Domain Name System (DNS)
      • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
      • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server
      • Active Directory
      • Distributed File System (DFS)
      • Hyper-V
    • Windows 10 has limited server functionality and can support only up to 20 logged-on network users.
    • Windows Server 2012/R2 includes fault-tolerance features such as RAID 5 volumes and load balancing.

    Windows Server 2012/R2 Editions

    • Editions streamlined from Windows Server 2008 to include:
      • Datacenter
      • Standard
      • Essential
      • Foundation
    • Businesses select editions based on size and service needs.

    Datacenter and Standard Editions

    • Datacenter Edition allows unlimited virtual instances of the OS; requires a license for every two physical processors.
    • Standard Edition has all features of Datacenter but permits only two virtual instances.
    • Both editions support up to:
      • 4 TB RAM
      • 64 physical processors
      • 64 nodes per server cluster
    • Server Core mode allows installations without a graphical user interface (GUI).
    • Client access licenses (CALs) are mandatory for each user logging onto the server.

    Essential Edition

    • Targeted at small businesses with up to 25 users.
    • Automatically set up as a root domain controller.
    • Includes services like Active Directory, DNS, File Services, and Web Server (IIS).
    • No CALs required; managed via a Dashboard interface.

    Foundation Edition

    • Entry-level edition for small businesses, available only as OEM.
    • Limited to 15 users, with no CALs needed.
    • Supports a single physical processor and up to 32 GB RAM.
    • Configurable as a standalone server or root domain controller; Hyper-V unsupported.

    Windows Server 2012/R2 and the Private Cloud

    • Cloud computing encompasses technologies for abstracting application, storage, and resource delivery.
    • Virtualization is fundamental, allowing multiple OS to operate on a single physical server.

    Virtualization Terms

    • Virtual machine (VM): Emulates hardware of a physical computer.
    • Host computer: Physical machine running VM software.
    • Virtualization software: Facilitates creation and management of VMs.
    • Hypervisor: Component that creates and supervises the virtual hardware environment.

    Public Cloud versus Private Cloud

    • Public cloud: Third-party managed services (e.g., DropBox, Google Apps).
    • Private cloud: Internally managed services providing virtual desktops, storage, and applications.
    • Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI): Users access private cloud desktops via web browsers or client apps, allowing connectivity from any internet-enabled device.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental components of the Internet from a 'nuts and bolts' perspective, including PC servers, wireless laptops, routers, and network applications. Learn about the concept of hosts, global ISPs, communication through wired and wireless links, and the role of packet router switches.

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