Uzma glossary medical terms mcq G-M
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP)?

  • Promotes GTP hydrolysis by small GTP-binding proteins (correct)
  • Inhibits GTP hydrolysis by small GTP-binding proteins.
  • Stimulates ATP hydrolysis by small GTP-binding proteins.
  • Enhances GTP binding by small GTP-binding proteins.

    • What does guanine base-pair with in DNA?

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine (correct)
  • Thymine
  • Uracil

    • Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP?

  • DNA polymerase
  • RNA polymerase
  • Guanylyl cyclase (correct)
  • DNA ligase

    • What is the clinical procedure involving the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells used for the treatment of cancer and hematopoietic diseases called?

    <p>Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus can lead to the development of liver cancer and belongs to a family of DNA viruses?

    <p>Hepatitis B virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromatin is condensed and transcriptionally inactive?

    <p>Heterochromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call an interaction between two different types of cell adhesion molecules?

    <p>Heterophilic interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein mediates the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Integrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a hormone?

    <p>Signaling molecules for distant body sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a chemical bond that releases a large amount of free energy when hydrolyzed?

    <p>High-energy bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the addition of acetyl groups to specific lysine residues on histones?

    <p>Histone acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the proteins that package DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes recombination between DNA segments with homologous nucleotide sequences?

    <p>Homologous recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ion channel?

    <p>Transporting ions across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule is soluble in water

    <p>Hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an interaction between cell adhesion molecules of the same type?

    <p>Homophilic interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a family of proteins consisting of three subunits and plays a role in signal transduction?

    <p>Heterotrimeric G protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle are most of the ATP molecules in eukaryotic cells synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the division of diploid cells into haploid progeny, consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a small vesicle formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted?

    <p>Microsome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule serves as a template for protein synthesis?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is specialized for phagocytosis and plays a role in immune responses?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that removes mismatched bases from newly synthesized DNA strands?

    <p>Mismatch repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains enzymes that break down biological polymers, acting as the "cellular garbage disposal"?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that involves the uptake of fluids in large vesicles by cells?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a naturally occurring short noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression?

    <p>microRNA (miRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the rapid passage of ions across a membrane by forming open pores through the lipid bilayer?

    <p>Ion channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases associated with cytokine receptors?

    <p>Janus kinase (JAK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the unwinding of DNA during processes like replication and transcription?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells are fused together to create a hybrid cell with properties of both parent cells?

    <p>Hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal adhesion protein found in basal laminae?

    <p>Laminin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer arises from the precursors of circulating blood cells?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the process of preventing the inheritance of mitochondrial diseases by replacing a patient's mitochondria with mitochondria from a normal donor, often in conjunction with in vitro fertilization?

    <p>Mitochondrial replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubule of the mitotic spindle attaches to condensed chromosomes at their centromeres?

    <p>Kinetochore microtubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the protein complex formed at unattached kinetochores, inhibiting progression to anaphase until all chromosomes are aligned on the metaphase spindle?

    <p>Spindle checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the process of inserting a DNA fragment of interest into a vector for independent replication in a host cell?

    <p>Molecular cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA molecule is longer than 200 nucleotides and regulates gene expression?

    <p>Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the rapid movement of fibroblasts involving actin-based extensions of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Lamellipodium formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein family contains structural domains similar to immunoglobulins and plays a role in cell adhesion?

    <p>Integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a motor protein that moves along microtubules, usually toward the plus end?

    <p>Kinesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the cytoskeletal filament that provides mechanical strength to cells in tissues and includes proteins like keratin and neurofilament?

    <p>Intermediate filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cell cycle, what is the period between mitoses that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases called?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process that transmits chemical signals from the cell surface to their intracellular targets?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the noncoding sequence that interrupts exons in a gene called?

    <p>Intron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule serves as a template for protein synthesis?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an actin-based protrusion of the plasma membrane involved in the absorption of substances by certain cells?

    <p>Microvillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytoskeleton filament is composed of actin and plays a role in cell shape and motility?

    <p>Microfilament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a protein that interacts with actin as a molecular motor and is involved in muscle contraction and other cellular processes?

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>B lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains enzymes that break down biological polymers and cellular waste, often referred to as the "cellular garbage disposal"?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of introducing a lipid vesicle containing DNA into mammalian cells called?

    <p>Transfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a region of contact between cells and the extracellular matrix where keratin filaments are attached to integrin?

    <p>Hemidesmosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of introducing mutations into cloned DNA in vitro?

    <p>Mutagenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubules of the mitotic spindle overlap in the center of the cell and push the spindle poles apart?

    <p>Interpolar microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle do cells prepare for DNA replication, growth, and eventual division?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP?

    <p>Guanylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the modification of histones by the addition of acetyl groups to specific lysine residues?

    <p>Histone acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism or cell that has one copy of each chromosome?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of cell adhesion molecules that contain structural domains similar to immunoglobulins?

    <p>Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the association of hydrophobic molecules with each other to minimize their interaction with water?

    <p>Hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein family consists of three subunits and is involved in signal transduction by binding to GTP and GDP?

    <p>Heterotrimeric G protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a signaling molecule produced by an endocrine gland that acts on cells at distant body sites?

    <p>Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus?

    <p>Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein embedded within the lipid bilayer of cell membranes?

    <p>Integral membrane protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the unwinding of DNA during processes such as replication and transcription?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a member of a family of DNA viruses that can infect liver cells and may lead to the development of liver cancer?

    <p>Hepatitis B virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves recombination between segments of DNA with homologous nucleotide sequences?

    <p>Homologous recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the period of the cell cycle between mitoses, including the G1, S, and G2 phases?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein complex stimulates the transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes and allows them to respond to gene-specific regulatory factors?

    <p>Mediator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of ions across a membrane?

    <p>Ion pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of inserting a DNA fragment of interest into a DNA molecule (vector) for independent replication in a host cell called?

    <p>DNA cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell adhesion molecule mediates the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Integrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the protein complex that forms at unattached kinetochores and inhibits progression to anaphase until all chromosomes are aligned on the metaphase spindle?

    <p>Spindle checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule serves as a template for protein synthesis and carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for an adult somatic cell that has been reprogrammed in culture to resemble an embryonic stem cell?

    <p>Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other organ sites?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer arises from the precursors of circulating blood cells and affects the blood and bone marrow?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eicosanoid is synthesized from arachidonic acid and plays a role in inflammation and immune responses?

    <p>Leukotriene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a rare skin cancer caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus in humans?

    <p>Merkel cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and autophagy in response to growth factors, nutrients, and energy availability?

    <p>mTOR kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a discrete plasma membrane domain formed as a cluster of cholesterol and sphingolipids?

    <p>Lipid raft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubules extend from the spindle poles and interact with the cell cortex during cell division?

    <p>Astral microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the enzyme that cleaves presequences from proteins imported to the matrix of mitochondria?

    <p>Matrix processing peptidase (MPP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of protein kinases is associated with cytokine receptors and plays a role in signal transduction?

    <p>Janus kinase (JAK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the plant cell wall acts as a glue to hold adjacent cells together?

    <p>Middle lamella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that interacts with actin as a molecular motor and is involved in intracellular transport along microtubules?

    <p>Kinesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a blood cell specialized for phagocytosis and involved in inflammatory reactions?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein family includes proteins that inhibit apoptosis by interacting with caspases?

    <p>Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a broad, actin-based extension of the plasma membrane involved in the movement of fibroblasts?

    <p>Lamellipodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein forms the nuclear lamina and provides structural support to the cell nucleus?

    <p>Lamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the rapid passage of ions across a membrane by forming open pores through the phospholipid bilayer?

    <p>Ion channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP?

    <p>Guanylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a region of heterochromatin associated with the nuclear lamina?

    <p>Lamina-associated domain (LAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is longer than 200 nucleotides and regulates gene expression?

    <p>Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of inserting mutations into cloned DNA in vitro?

    <p>In vitro mutagenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells by oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein complex forms at unattached kinetochores and inhibits progression to anaphase until all chromosomes are properly aligned on the metaphase spindle?

    <p>Spindle checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of preventing the inheritance of mitochondrial diseases by replacing a patient's mitochondria with mitochondria from a normal donor in conjunction with in vitro fertilization?

    <p>Mitochondrial replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule is involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus?

    <p>Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein kinase that phosphorylates and activates members of the ERK family of MAP kinases?

    <p>MEK (MAP kinase/ERK kinase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for synthesizing ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase activates myosin II by phosphorylating its regulatory light chain?

    <p>Myosin light-chain kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a small vesicle formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted?

    <p>Microsome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood cell type functions in the immune response, with B lymphocytes producing antibodies and T lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that packages DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes?

    <p>Histone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle includes G1, S, and G2 phases and occurs between mitotic divisions?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that functions in the initiation stage of translation?

    <p>Initiation factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that break down biological polymers and is often referred to as the "cell's recycling center"?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA molecule serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein embedded within the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, allowing it to span the membrane?

    <p>Integral membrane protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cilia are responsible for cell movement?

    <p>Motile cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that binds to microtubules and modifies their stability?

    <p>Microtubule-associated protein (MAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA molecule is involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA during gene expression?

    <p>Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is associated with the regulation of cell growth and differentiation in response to extracellular signals?

    <p>Akt kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase of the cell cycle during which nuclear division occurs, leading to the separation of daughter chromosomes?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the formation of tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes, creating a junctional complex at cell-cell contacts?

    <p>Cadherin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein kinase is associated with cytokine receptors and plays a role in signal transduction?

    <p>JAK (Janus kinase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the division of diploid cells into haploid progeny through two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the modification of histones by the addition of acetyl groups to specific lysine residues?

    <p>Acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interaction occurs between cell adhesion molecules of the same type?

    <p>Homophilic interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for soluble molecules produced by endocrine glands that act on cells at distant body sites to regulate various physiological processes?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal filament provides mechanical strength to cells in tissues and is about 10 nm in diameter?

    <p>Intermediate filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that inhibits apoptosis by interacting with caspases?

    <p>IAP (Inhibitor of apoptosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a cancer arising from the precursors of circulating blood cells?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human herpesvirus can cause Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare skin cancer?

    <p>Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of microtubules of the mitotic spindle overlaps in the center of the cell and pushes the spindle poles apart?

    <p>Interpolar microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specialized structure consisting of proteins attached to a centromere that mediates the attachment and movement of chromosomes along the mitotic spindle?

    <p>Kinetochore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the unwinding of DNA during processes such as replication and transcription?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

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