Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term for the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time?
What is the term for the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time?
- Weber's Law
- Difference threshold
- Absolute threshold (correct)
- Sensory adaptation
Which concept explains why a person may no longer smell the garlic in a room after being exposed to it for an extended period?
Which concept explains why a person may no longer smell the garlic in a room after being exposed to it for an extended period?
- Sensory adaptation (correct)
- Absolute threshold
- Weber's Law
- Difference threshold
According to Weber's Law, what determines the just noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli?
According to Weber's Law, what determines the just noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli?
- The individual's response bias
- A constant value regardless of the initial stimulus intensity
- A proportion of the original stimulus intensity (correct)
- The absolute difference in intensity between the two stimuli
What is the primary focus of Gestalt psychology concerning perception?
What is the primary focus of Gestalt psychology concerning perception?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of figure-ground perception?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of figure-ground perception?
In signal detection theory, what occurs if a signal is present and the observer reports detecting it?
In signal detection theory, what occurs if a signal is present and the observer reports detecting it?
In the context of signal detection theory, what is a 'false alarm'?
In the context of signal detection theory, what is a 'false alarm'?
What is 'response bias' in the context of signal detection theory?
What is 'response bias' in the context of signal detection theory?
Which example illustrates bottom-up processing?
Which example illustrates bottom-up processing?
How does top-down processing influence perception?
How does top-down processing influence perception?
What is transduction in the context of sensation and perception?
What is transduction in the context of sensation and perception?
Why might pain be an exception to sensory adaptation?
Why might pain be an exception to sensory adaptation?
Which sensory process is most directly associated with the concept of 'just noticeable difference'?
Which sensory process is most directly associated with the concept of 'just noticeable difference'?
What is the relationship between intensity of a stimulus and the difference threshold?
What is the relationship between intensity of a stimulus and the difference threshold?
If a radiologist is more likely to report a tumor in a scan due to previous cases of missed diagnoses, this is most likely caused by:
If a radiologist is more likely to report a tumor in a scan due to previous cases of missed diagnoses, this is most likely caused by:
How would a constant auditory noise from a plane best be described?
How would a constant auditory noise from a plane best be described?
How are expectations most likely to affect response bias?
How are expectations most likely to affect response bias?
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
How is transduction related to electrical signals?
How is transduction related to electrical signals?
What is the correct order of stimuli processing?
What is the correct order of stimuli processing?
What processes begin with raw sensory data?
What processes begin with raw sensory data?
Which answer uses observer expectation?
Which answer uses observer expectation?
Which of the following accurately describes how the difference threshold would change, after a period of intense constant stimuli?
Which of the following accurately describes how the difference threshold would change, after a period of intense constant stimuli?
How would perception be most affected by damage to the figure-ground recognition system?
How would perception be most affected by damage to the figure-ground recognition system?
Which statement relies more on top-down perception?
Which statement relies more on top-down perception?
Which situation directly relies on Weber's Law?
Which situation directly relies on Weber's Law?
How do the expectations of a patient regarding how they are feeling affect their response bias?
How do the expectations of a patient regarding how they are feeling affect their response bias?
What would most affect the likelihood of a person having false alarms?
What would most affect the likelihood of a person having false alarms?
Someone gives you a cup of soda, and doesn't tell you what it is. What kind of process is this?
Someone gives you a cup of soda, and doesn't tell you what it is. What kind of process is this?
What do we know if someone says "This is root beer", before you taste it?
What do we know if someone says "This is root beer", before you taste it?
Someone says this is root beer, you taste it and it'll taste like root beer is an example of a prior _____ being ____.
Someone says this is root beer, you taste it and it'll taste like root beer is an example of a prior _____ being ____.
What factor does NOT affect future response bias?
What factor does NOT affect future response bias?
If someone is doing a puzzle by looking at the picture first, what kind of processing are they using?
If someone is doing a puzzle by looking at the picture first, what kind of processing are they using?
If someone is doing a puzzle without knowing what it'll look like, what kind of perception are they using?
If someone is doing a puzzle without knowing what it'll look like, what kind of perception are they using?
What is another exception to sensory adaptation?
What is another exception to sensory adaptation?
Bottom-up is a series of _____ and _____.
Bottom-up is a series of _____ and _____.
How would a patient is feeling be most likely to affect their response bias?
How would a patient is feeling be most likely to affect their response bias?
What best describes the concept that we don't perceive things as just lines?
What best describes the concept that we don't perceive things as just lines?
An individual with a history of frequent 'misses' in signal detection tasks is likely to adopt which strategy in future scenarios?
An individual with a history of frequent 'misses' in signal detection tasks is likely to adopt which strategy in future scenarios?
How does the evolutionary perspective explain sensory adaptation?
How does the evolutionary perspective explain sensory adaptation?
In the context of signal detection theory, what is the effect of a patient's strong desire for a positive diagnosis on their likelihood of reporting the presence of a signal?
In the context of signal detection theory, what is the effect of a patient's strong desire for a positive diagnosis on their likelihood of reporting the presence of a signal?
How does Weber's Law explain why it's easier to notice a small change in volume when the initial volume is low, compared to when the initial volume is high?
How does Weber's Law explain why it's easier to notice a small change in volume when the initial volume is low, compared to when the initial volume is high?
How does prior experience with different types of stimuli affect an individual's application of top-down processing?
How does prior experience with different types of stimuli affect an individual's application of top-down processing?
Flashcards
Absolute Threshold
Absolute Threshold
The minimal amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
Difference Threshold / Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
Difference Threshold / Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
The smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that a person can detect.
Weber's Law (fraction)
Weber's Law (fraction)
For two stimuli to be perceived as different in intensity, the second must differ from the first by a constant proportion.
Sensory Adaptation
Sensory Adaptation
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Response Bias
Response Bias
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Gestalt approach
Gestalt approach
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Figure-Ground Perception
Figure-Ground Perception
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Sensation
Sensation
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Perception
Perception
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Transduction
Transduction
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Bottom-up processing
Bottom-up processing
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Top-down processing
Top-down processing
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Study Notes
The Endocrine System
- A network of glands that produce and release hormones.
- Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells, regulating bodily functions.
Key Functions of the Endocrine System
- Regulation of metabolism.
- Regulation of growth and development.
- Regulation of reproduction.
- Regulation of mood.
Endocrine vs. Nervous System
- Endocrine uses hormones, while the nervous system uses electrical and chemical signals.
- Endocrine transmits signals through the bloodstream; the nervous system uses nerves.
- Endocrine system's effects are longer-lasting, and the nervous system's effects are short-lived.
- The endocrine system targets multiple cell types, whereas the nervous system targets individual cells specifically.
Major Glands of the Endocrine System
- Hypothalamus: Controls hormone release from the pituitary gland.
- Pituitary Gland: Master gland that secretes hormones affecting other glands.
- Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism.
- Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones for the stress response.
- Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar levels.
- Ovaries/Testes: Produce sex hormones.
Hormones: Categories
- Amino Acid Derivatives: Modified amino acids, such as epinephrine.
- Peptide Hormones: Short chains of amino acids, such as insulin.
- Steroid Hormones: Derived from cholesterol, such as estrogen.
Hormones: Mechanism of Action
- Water-Soluble Hormones: Bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a signaling cascade.
- Lipid-Soluble Hormones: Enter the cell and bind to intracellular receptors, affecting gene transcription.
Regulation of Hormone Secretion
- Negative Feedback: Hormone levels inhibit further secretion.
- Positive Feedback: Hormone levels increase secretion (less common).
Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes Mellitus: Issues with insulin production or response, leading to high blood sugar.
- Hyperthyroidism: Overproduction of thyroid hormones.
- Hypothyroidism: Underproduction of thyroid hormones.
Examples of Hormones
Hormone | Gland | Primary Function |
---|---|---|
Insulin | Pancreas | Regulates blood glucose levels |
Thyroxine (T4) | Thyroid | Increases metabolic rate |
Cortisol | Adrenal Cortex | Stress response and metabolism |
Estrogen | Ovaries | Promotes female sex characteristics |
Testosterone | Testes | Promotes male sex characteristics |
Clinical Significance
- Hormone Replacement Therapy: Supplementing hormones in cases of deficiency.
- Endocrine Disruptors: Chemicals that interfere with hormone function.
- Diagnostic Tests: measuring hormone levels to diagnose disorders.
Locations of Main Components of the Endocrine System
- Pineal gland: Located in the brain.
- Pituitary gland: Situated at the base of the brain.
- Thyroid gland: Found in the neck.
- Thymus: Located in the upper chest.
- Adrenal glands: Positioned atop the kidneys.
- Pancreas: Sits behind the stomach.
- Ovaries (in females): Located in the pelvic region.
- Testes (in males): Situated in the groin area.
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