Sensation 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time?

  • Weber's Law
  • Difference threshold
  • Absolute threshold (correct)
  • Sensory adaptation

Which concept explains why a person may no longer smell the garlic in a room after being exposed to it for an extended period?

  • Sensory adaptation (correct)
  • Absolute threshold
  • Weber's Law
  • Difference threshold

According to Weber's Law, what determines the just noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli?

  • The individual's response bias
  • A constant value regardless of the initial stimulus intensity
  • A proportion of the original stimulus intensity (correct)
  • The absolute difference in intensity between the two stimuli

What is the primary focus of Gestalt psychology concerning perception?

<p>Perceiving the world as organized wholes rather than isolated parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of figure-ground perception?

<p>Distinguishing a vase from the two faces formed by its outline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In signal detection theory, what occurs if a signal is present and the observer reports detecting it?

<p>Hit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of signal detection theory, what is a 'false alarm'?

<p>Reporting a signal when no signal is present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'response bias' in the context of signal detection theory?

<p>An individual's readiness to report detecting a signal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates bottom-up processing?

<p>Tasting root beer and identifying the flavor without knowing what it is beforehand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does top-down processing influence perception?

<p>By using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transduction in the context of sensation and perception?

<p>The translation of physical energy into electrical signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might pain be an exception to sensory adaptation?

<p>Adaptation to pain could be detrimental to survival. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory process is most directly associated with the concept of 'just noticeable difference'?

<p>Difference Threshold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intensity of a stimulus and the difference threshold?

<p>Intense stimuli require larger difference thresholds for change to be noticed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a radiologist is more likely to report a tumor in a scan due to previous cases of missed diagnoses, this is most likely caused by:

<p>Response bias. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a constant auditory noise from a plane best be described?

<p>Sensory adaptation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are expectations most likely to affect response bias?

<p>They make people feel more likely to have false alarms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

<p>Sensation is input about the environment, while perception is the interpretation of that input. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is transduction related to electrical signals?

<p>Transduction translates physical energy into electrical signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of stimuli processing?

<p>Sensation, then interpretation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes begin with raw sensory data?

<p>Bottom-up processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which answer uses observer expectation?

<p>Top-down processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes how the difference threshold would change, after a period of intense constant stimuli?

<p>Decrease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would perception be most affected by damage to the figure-ground recognition system?

<p>Being unable to distinguish between an object and its background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement relies more on top-down perception?

<p>&quot;That soda tastes like root beer.&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation directly relies on Weber's Law?

<p>Turning down the lights a little bit, if someone said it was too bright. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the expectations of a patient regarding how they are feeling affect their response bias?

<p>Patient say they don't feel good (more likely to have false alarm). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would most affect the likelihood of a person having false alarms?

<p>History of signal detection errors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Someone gives you a cup of soda, and doesn't tell you what it is. What kind of process is this?

<p>Bottom-up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we know if someone says "This is root beer", before you taste it?

<p>Top-down approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Someone says this is root beer, you taste it and it'll taste like root beer is an example of a prior _____ being ____.

<p>Expectation ; Set (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT affect future response bias?

<p>Absolute threshold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone is doing a puzzle by looking at the picture first, what kind of processing are they using?

<p>Top-down. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone is doing a puzzle without knowing what it'll look like, what kind of perception are they using?

<p>Bottom-up (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another exception to sensory adaptation?

<p>Pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bottom-up is a series of _____ and _____.

<p>Black ; White (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a patient is feeling be most likely to affect their response bias?

<p>Patient says they are feeling great (more likely to have a problem (miss)). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept that we don't perceive things as just lines?

<p>Gestalt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual with a history of frequent 'misses' in signal detection tasks is likely to adopt which strategy in future scenarios?

<p>Increasing their threshold for reporting a signal to minimize false alarms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the evolutionary perspective explain sensory adaptation?

<p>Adapting to unchanging stimuli allows us to focus on new potential threats or opportunities in the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of signal detection theory, what is the effect of a patient's strong desire for a positive diagnosis on their likelihood of reporting the presence of a signal?

<p>It increases their willingness to report a signal, resulting in more false alarms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Weber's Law explain why it's easier to notice a small change in volume when the initial volume is low, compared to when the initial volume is high?

<p>The constant proportion between the initial stimulus intensity and the JND is smaller at lower intensities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prior experience with different types of stimuli affect an individual's application of top-down processing?

<p>Prior experience calibrates expectations, influencing how sensory input is interpreted and potentially biasing perception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Absolute Threshold

The minimal amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

Difference Threshold / Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

The smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that a person can detect.

Weber's Law (fraction)

For two stimuli to be perceived as different in intensity, the second must differ from the first by a constant proportion.

Sensory Adaptation

Decreasing response of sensory receptors to unchanging stimuli.

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Response Bias

Person's readiness to report detecting a stimulus.

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Gestalt approach

Perceive objects as whole rather than individual parts.

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Figure-Ground Perception

Inherently distinguishing between object and background.

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Sensation

Process by which sensory organs obtain information about the environment and transmit it to the brain.

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Perception

The organization of sensations into interpretations.

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Transduction

Translation of physical energy into electrical signals.

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Bottom-up processing

Starts with raw sensory data that gets communicated to the brain.

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Top-down processing

Starts with observer's expections and knowledge

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Study Notes

The Endocrine System

  • A network of glands that produce and release hormones.
  • Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells, regulating bodily functions.

Key Functions of the Endocrine System

  • Regulation of metabolism.
  • Regulation of growth and development.
  • Regulation of reproduction.
  • Regulation of mood.

Endocrine vs. Nervous System

  • Endocrine uses hormones, while the nervous system uses electrical and chemical signals.
  • Endocrine transmits signals through the bloodstream; the nervous system uses nerves.
  • Endocrine system's effects are longer-lasting, and the nervous system's effects are short-lived.
  • The endocrine system targets multiple cell types, whereas the nervous system targets individual cells specifically.

Major Glands of the Endocrine System

  • Hypothalamus: Controls hormone release from the pituitary gland.
  • Pituitary Gland: Master gland that secretes hormones affecting other glands.
  • Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism.
  • Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones for the stress response.
  • Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar levels.
  • Ovaries/Testes: Produce sex hormones.

Hormones: Categories

  • Amino Acid Derivatives: Modified amino acids, such as epinephrine.
  • Peptide Hormones: Short chains of amino acids, such as insulin.
  • Steroid Hormones: Derived from cholesterol, such as estrogen.

Hormones: Mechanism of Action

  • Water-Soluble Hormones: Bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a signaling cascade.
  • Lipid-Soluble Hormones: Enter the cell and bind to intracellular receptors, affecting gene transcription.

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

  • Negative Feedback: Hormone levels inhibit further secretion.
  • Positive Feedback: Hormone levels increase secretion (less common).

Endocrine Disorders

  • Diabetes Mellitus: Issues with insulin production or response, leading to high blood sugar.
  • Hyperthyroidism: Overproduction of thyroid hormones.
  • Hypothyroidism: Underproduction of thyroid hormones.

Examples of Hormones

Hormone Gland Primary Function
Insulin Pancreas Regulates blood glucose levels
Thyroxine (T4) Thyroid Increases metabolic rate
Cortisol Adrenal Cortex Stress response and metabolism
Estrogen Ovaries Promotes female sex characteristics
Testosterone Testes Promotes male sex characteristics

Clinical Significance

  • Hormone Replacement Therapy: Supplementing hormones in cases of deficiency.
  • Endocrine Disruptors: Chemicals that interfere with hormone function.
  • Diagnostic Tests: measuring hormone levels to diagnose disorders.

Locations of Main Components of the Endocrine System

  • Pineal gland: Located in the brain.
  • Pituitary gland: Situated at the base of the brain.
  • Thyroid gland: Found in the neck.
  • Thymus: Located in the upper chest.
  • Adrenal glands: Positioned atop the kidneys.
  • Pancreas: Sits behind the stomach.
  • Ovaries (in females): Located in the pelvic region.
  • Testes (in males): Situated in the groin area.

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