4AE3 U5 C2 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of stratospheric ozone in the Earth's atmosphere?

  • Protecting the Earth (correct)
  • Supporting life directly
  • Absorbing solar X-ray and UV radiation
  • Regulating temperature in the mesosphere

    • What is the temperature range in the upper thermosphere?

  • 500°C to 2000°C (correct)
  • -200°C to 500°C
  • -100°C to 0°C
  • 0°C to -100°C

    • What is the layer of the atmosphere where the Northern Lights occur?

  • Exosphere
  • Thermosphere (correct)
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere

    • What is the reason for the high concentration of iron and other metal atoms in the mesosphere?

    <p>Debris from meteors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Exosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of temperature in the mesosphere with increasing altitude?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere with higher elevations?

    <p>The absorption of ultraviolet light from the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the stratosphere where ozone accumulates known as?

    <p>The ozone layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of ground-level ozone?

    <p>Industrial emissions and motor vehicle exhaust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of a Power Engineer regarding gaseous emissions?

    <p>To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

    <p>The action of chlorofluorocarbon based refrigerants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

    <p>The reduction of the ozone layer's ability to protect the Earth from harmful UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary producer of carbon monoxide?

    <p>The internal combustion engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why carbon monoxide is a serious pollutant?

    <p>It is a toxic gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the formation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide during combustion?

    <p>The amount of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the troposphere primarily characterized by?

    <p>Most atmospheric physical activity and almost all atmospheric water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere?

    <p>Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the collective compounds of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide?

    <p>SOX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere?

    <p>They contribute to acid rain and are hazardous to life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere?

    <p>Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nitrogen oxides reacting with sunlight in the atmosphere?

    <p>They form photochemical smog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of methane in the atmosphere?

    <p>It is a more significant greenhouse gas than CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ozone in the stratosphere?

    <p>It shields the Earth’s surface from hazardous ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which ozone is formed in the stratosphere?

    <p>Catalytic decomposition of O2 with shortwave UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe compounds composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon?

    <p>Chlorofluorocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of methane that makes it a significant greenhouse gas?

    <p>It has 25 times the ability of CO2 at trapping radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of acid rain on plant life?

    <p>Disruption of nutrient acquisition, leading to weakness and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with acid rain?

    <p>Inhalation of particulates, leading to respiratory problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials are particularly susceptible to the corrosive effects of acid rain?

    <p>Exposed metals, such as copper and steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are acid-resistant paints often used on buildings and vehicles?

    <p>To reduce the risk of damage from acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of acid rain on buildings and structures?

    <p>Increased maintenance costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds are particularly reactive with water in highly acidic conditions?

    <p>Calcium-based compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon monoxide a concern in boiler operation?

    <p>It is explosive in high concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Power Engineers reduce the production of carbon monoxide in boiler operation?

    <p>By recognizing when burners have insufficient oxygen and taking corrective action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason carbon dioxide cannot be eliminated from the combustion process?

    <p>Because fuel contains carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon dioxide considered a concern in terms of environmental impact?

    <p>Because it contributes to climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of heat produced when a fuel is burned?

    <p>The carbon and hydrogen content of the fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does natural gas have a relatively lower CO2-to-energy content compared to other fuels?

    <p>Because it has a higher energy content relative to other fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why jurisdictions are legislating limits on CO2 production from industrial sources?

    <p>Because it contributes to climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inadequate combustion air in boiler operation?

    <p>Increased production of carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oxygen trim systems in boiler operation?

    <p>To monitor oxygen levels in the combustion process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ensure that the boiler fuel train is in a proper state of tune?

    <p>To reduce the production of carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the decomposition of O3 through the reaction with chlorine?

    <p>Prevention of the absorption of longwave UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring pollutants like arsenic, chlorine, and mercury?

    <p>Due to regulatory or plant efficiency requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ozone in the atmosphere?

    <p>It absorbs or reflects high energy radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of greenhouse gases on the Earth's temperature?

    <p>They maintain the temperature at a stable level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of methane in the atmosphere?

    <p>Natural sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the increase in the Earth's average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Increase in greenhouse gas concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fluorinated gases?

    <p>To replace chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration on the outgoing radiation?

    <p>It is trapped by the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between greenhouse gases and ozone?

    <p>Greenhouse gases trap heat, while ozone absorbs UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CFCs in the atmosphere?

    <p>To deplete ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to carbon dioxide?

    <p>76%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global warming potential of methane relative to carbon dioxide?

    <p>25 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated atmospheric lifetime of nitrous oxide?

    <p>150 years or longer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the decrease in the release of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances?

    <p>Multi-national agreements and regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which water vapour enters the atmosphere?

    <p>Evaporation from bodies of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were fluorinated gases proposed as a replacement for CFCs?

    <p>They do not damage the ozone layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to fluorinated gases?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the ability of air to retain water vapour?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current trend in fluorinated gas emissions?

    <p>Increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of methane on the atmosphere?

    <p>It traps heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of water vapour in the atmosphere?

    <p>It adds to the atmospheric energy content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to quantify the greenhouse gas potency of ozone?

    <p>Ozone is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of CO2 emissions according to the United States EPA 2014 estimate?

    <p>Oil and Gas and Transportation sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal or healthy pH level in lakes?

    <p>Around 5.5 or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acid rain on the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals?

    <p>It interferes with their reproductive cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the first snowmelt of spring in a landscape affected by acid rain?

    <p>A surge of acidic runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lakes that are affected by acid rain to such an extent that they cannot support most aquatic life?

    <p>Dead lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some forests, streams, and lakes not suffer many negative effects from acid rain?

    <p>Because the alkaline soil in those areas neutralize the acidity in the rainwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid deposits on tree roots?

    <p>They leach away nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of continuous exposure to acid rain on the ecosystem within a lake?

    <p>It can negatively impact the entire ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the transition zones between the layers of the atmosphere?

    <p>They have characteristics of the layers on both sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the mesosphere has a relatively high concentration of iron and other metal atoms?

    <p>Meteors and other objects interact with the thickening atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range of the upper thermosphere?

    <p>500°C to 2000°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the Northern Lights in the atmosphere?

    <p>Thermosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thermosphere in the atmosphere?

    <p>It absorbs solar X-ray and UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extent of the exosphere in the atmosphere?

    <p>From about 500 to 10 000 km from the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere with higher elevations?

    <p>The absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun during the production of ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Chapman cycle responsible for?

    <p>The creation of ozone and atomic oxygen in the stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of ground-level ozone?

    <p>Industrial emissions and motor vehicle exhaust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

    <p>The reduction in the ozone layer's ability to protect the Earth from harmful UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why carbon monoxide is a serious pollutant?

    <p>It is a toxic gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the formation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide during combustion?

    <p>The amount of oxygen present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of a Power Engineer regarding gaseous emissions?

    <p>To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ground-level ozone on human health?

    <p>It triggers a variety of health problems, particularly for children, the elderly, and people with lung diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why governments respond to gaseous pollutants?

    <p>To reduce the amount of gaseous emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why industries respond to regulation of gaseous emissions?

    <p>To use newer technology and processes to produce fewer or less harmful emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major concern associated with the accumulation of carbon monoxide in boiler fireside locations?

    <p>Increased risk of furnace explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for legislating limits on the production of CO2 from industrial sources?

    <p>To address growing concerns over climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the amount of CO2 produced when a fuel is burned?

    <p>The carbon content of the fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inadequate combustion air in boiler operation?

    <p>Increased production of carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Power Engineers must be able to recognize when burners are operating 'rich'?

    <p>To minimize boiler emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of carbon dioxide on the atmosphere?

    <p>It contributes to climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative amount of CO2 produced by the combustion of anthracite coal compared to natural gas?

    <p>1.95 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of burners and their control systems in boiler operation?

    <p>To ensure peak combustion efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of carbon monoxide on human health and safety?

    <p>It is a serious pollutant that can cause illness or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why natural gas has a relatively lower CO2-to-energy content compared to other fuels?

    <p>It has a lower carbon content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which sulfur oxides contribute to acid rain?

    <p>They form a weak sulfurous or sulfuric acid in the presence of moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is responsible for roughly 30% of acid rain?

    <p>Nitrogen dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the collective compounds of nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrous oxide?

    <p>NOX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of methane in the atmosphere?

    <p>Wetlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the troposphere?

    <p>Increased exposure to hazardous ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the regulation of NOX compounds in industrial emissions?

    <p>They contribute to acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe compounds composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon?

    <p>CFCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ozone is formed in the stratosphere?

    <p>The action of high intensity ultraviolet radiation on O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of methane on the atmosphere?

    <p>It is a powerful greenhouse gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the concern about SOX in the atmosphere?

    <p>They contribute to acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid rain on plant life?

    <p>It weakens and eventually kills the plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health hazard associated with acid rain?

    <p>Inhalation of particulates that cause acid rain can lead to health problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using acid-resistant paints on buildings and vehicles?

    <p>To reduce the corrosive effects of acid rain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid rain on buildings made of limestone or marble?

    <p>It causes them to react with water in highly acidic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why acid rain affects human health?

    <p>It releases toxic particulates into the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid rain on structures with exposed metals?

    <p>It causes them to be susceptible to the corrosive action of acid rain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the decomposition of O3 through the reaction with chlorine?

    <p>It prevents the absorption of longwave UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of methane in the atmosphere?

    <p>Both natural sources and industrial activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of greenhouse gases on the Earth's temperature?

    <p>It increases the Earth's temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CFCs in the atmosphere?

    <p>They are ozone depleting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increase in the Earth's average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Increase in greenhouse gas concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fluorinated gases?

    <p>They were developed to replace chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration on the outgoing radiation?

    <p>It decreases the outgoing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why greenhouse gases are necessary for life on Earth?

    <p>They trap heat and cause a temperature rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of fluorinated gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Mechanical refrigerant leaks, refrigeration system servicing, and disposal of equipment that contains refrigerant gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ozone in the atmosphere?

    <p>It absorbs or reflects back into space X-rays and high energy ultraviolet light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the stability of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>Its long atmospheric lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans?

    <p>The temperature of the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fluorinated gases considered high GWP gases?

    <p>Because they have a high ability to absorb infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increase in fluorinated gas emissions in the United States and Europe?

    <p>The increase in industrial activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which human activities have increased water vapour in the atmosphere?

    <p>Industrial activities that release water vapour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the decrease in the release of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances?

    <p>Multi-national agreements that restricted and ultimately eliminated their use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high global warming potential of methane?

    <p>Its ability to absorb infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>To trap heat and warm the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the ability of air to retain water vapour?

    <p>The temperature of the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the concern about fluorinated gas emissions?

    <p>Their high global warming potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why it is difficult to model the overall effects of atmospheric water vapour on climate change?

    <p>Water vapour is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid rain on the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals?

    <p>It interferes with the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ozone in the stratosphere?

    <p>It absorbs cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some forests, streams, and lakes do not suffer many negative effects from acid rain?

    <p>The alkaline soil in those areas neutralizes the acidity in the rainwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which acid rain is formed?

    <p>Complex reactions with water vapour and sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid rain on the pH level of lakes?

    <p>It decreases the pH level of lakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of CO2 emissions according to the United States EPA 2014 estimate?

    <p>Industrial and land-use sectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of acid rain on the food chain in aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>It affects the entire food chain by impacting microscopic life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ozone is a greenhouse gas in the troposphere?

    <p>It is a potent greenhouse gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of continuous exposure to acid rain on the ecosystem within a lake?

    <p>It results in the entire ecosystem being negatively impacted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of monitoring Carbon Dioxide emissions in industrial settings?

    <p>To measure the efficiency of energy transfer from fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Carbon Dioxide not included in the Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) list?

    <p>It is not universally monitored and reported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting ambient air quality standards for Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC)?

    <p>To establish acceptable exposure limits for human health and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the acceptable exposure limit for a Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) is exceeded?

    <p>Excessive damage to the environment and increased health risks may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) listed by Environment Canada?

    <p>They are the most significant and widespread pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of regulating the emissions of Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC)?

    <p>It reduces the negative impacts on the environment and human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of atmospheric pollution in an energy plant?

    <p>The boiler stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)?

    <p>To ensure compliance with emission standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of monitoring typically involves both in-stack emissions and fugitive emissions?

    <p>Source Emission Monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the Power Engineer in relation to emission monitoring?

    <p>To ensure all required emission monitoring is performed according to regulatory or site-specific requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a selector switch in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System?

    <p>To draw flue gas from the stack or ambient air from a remote location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of continuous monitoring of plant emissions?

    <p>To ensure that emissions are kept at an acceptable level, and to provide records of plant emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of installing monitoring stations around the facility?

    <p>To monitor secondary stacks and fugitive emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of alarms in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System?

    <p>To go off if a preset allowable limit of any gas is exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring pollutants in stack emissions?

    <p>To control the concentration of pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a sampler in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System?

    <p>To move the sample through the sampling train</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of chemiluminescence in the measurement of NOx?

    <p>To measure the amount of NOx in a sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind Non-Dispersive Infrared Detection (NDIR)?

    <p>The absorption of IR light by CO2 and CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulsed fluorescence testing?

    <p>To detect sulfur dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with the emission of carbon monoxide?

    <p>Its potential to cause asphyxiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for reducing or eliminating emissions?

    <p>To reduce the negative environmental impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of automatic flue gas analyzers in power plants?

    <p>To monitor the composition of the flue gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of carbon dioxide that makes it a concern in terms of environmental impact?

    <p>Its contribution to global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for building 'super' stacks in the past?

    <p>To reduce the local pollution by dispersing it over a greater area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Power Engineers in controlling carbon monoxide emissions?

    <p>To ensure complete combustion by controlling the causes of incomplete combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for testing emissions for official purposes?

    <p>To follow the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to minimize CO2 production by Power Engineers?

    <p>Maximizing efficiency to ensure only the required amount of fuel is burned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of regenerable FGD systems?

    <p>The sulfur is recovered and can be sold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in controlling thermal NOX production in power plants?

    <p>The formation of high levels of NOX is encouraged by high temperatures and excess oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated impact of reforestation on CO2 emissions from power plants over the next 10 years?

    <p>It would remove all CO2 emissions from power plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to reduce fuel NOX emissions?

    <p>Using fuel that contains less nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

    <p>To remove carbon dioxide from flue gas and store it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of maximizing efficiency in power plants?

    <p>It reduces the amount of CO2 emissions by ensuring only the required amount of fuel is burned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in implementing Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

    <p>The cost of installing CCS systems is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Power Engineers in reducing gaseous emissions?

    <p>To be mindful and efficient equipment operators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of maintaining stack emission monitoring systems?

    <p>It ensures that emissions are within regulatory limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can NOX be removed from the flue gas stream?

    <p>By using technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction or Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does the formation of NOX proceed rapidly?

    <p>Above 1650°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated time it will take for CFCs to decompose in the atmosphere?

    <p>Up to 1500 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of CO2 that makes it a 'green' refrigerant?

    <p>It is sourced from the atmosphere and is not ozone depleting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reducing NOX emission before it is produced?

    <p>Maintaining the combustion temperature below 1650°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of proper maintenance, repair, and storage of machinery that use CFCs and fluorinated gases?

    <p>Reduced amount of CFCs released to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a renewable energy source that addresses natural sources of harmful emissions?

    <p>Biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ammonia when it is leaked to the environment?

    <p>It is rapidly absorbed by water and enters the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for reducing NOX emission?

    <p>To minimize the formation of NOX in the first place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of using hydrofluoro-olefins (HFO) and hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants?

    <p>They have a lower impact on the environment than the refrigerants they replace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using bagasse for power generation?

    <p>It reduces the overall environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does geothermal energy generation ensure it is a renewable resource?

    <p>By injecting leftover water and condensed steam back into the reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of wind power generation?

    <p>It is intermittent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using hydrogen as a fuel?

    <p>It produces less CO2 pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of noise pollution?

    <p>Environmental noise that is annoying, distracting, or physically harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using solar energy?

    <p>It is a nonpolluting source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mirrors in solar thermal processes?

    <p>To focus and concentrate solar energy on a target point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of fuel cells?

    <p>To produce electricity to drive cars and buses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with storing hydrogen?

    <p>A small leak poses an explosion hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using biomass energy from forest residue?

    <p>It reduces waste in forests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high noise levels on individuals living near a high noise source area?

    <p>Hypertension, stress, and sleep problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are intermittent or impulse noises often more annoying than a constant noise?

    <p>Because they are harder to predict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a noise impact statement in the construction of a new facility?

    <p>To specify the design sound level at the nearest dwelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider noise matters during the design and construction phases of a facility?

    <p>To reduce the cost of noise mitigation measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical frequency range of noise produced by furnaces, fans, and reciprocating compressors?

    <p>Low frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when sound waves strike a non-rigid barrier?

    <p>The sound waves are absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider noise impacts from heavy truck traffic around operating facilities?

    <p>Because it can affect the quality of life of nearby residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sound measurement in noise impact assessments?

    <p>To determine the impact of noise on nearby residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the acceptable sound level for a facility?

    <p>The quality of life of nearby residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to take reasonable measures to reduce sound generation even in areas with no dwellings within 3 km?

    <p>To minimize the impact on future developments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of sound pressure levels that a human ear can detect?

    <p>0.00002 Pa to 200 Pa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the decibel scale used to measure sound levels?

    <p>Because it is a logarithmic scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a decibel reading of 20 dB and 10 dB?

    <p>20 dB is 10 times as loud as 10 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of weighting networks in sound meters?

    <p>To adjust the meter's readout to correspond to human hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum noticeable noise reduction in decibels?

    <p>5-10% of the current noise level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three ways to reduce noise at a given location?

    <p>Reduce the sound at the source, modify the sound wave path, and protect hearing with a barrier device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of noise laws or regulations?

    <p>To control noise emissions and ensure regulatory compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most representative weighting scale of human hearing?

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rating system for sound meters based on?

    <p>Accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of efforts to control noise?

    <p>To lower the sound intensity at a given location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of setting ambient air quality standards for Criteria Air Contaminants?

    <p>To minimize the environmental damage and health risks associated with exceeding acceptable exposure limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Carbon Dioxide not currently included on the Criteria Air Contaminants list?

    <p>Because it is primarily used to ensure complete combustion in industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between contaminants and pollutants?

    <p>There is no difference between contaminants and pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Criteria Air Contaminants list published by Environment Canada?

    <p>It identifies the most significant energy plant emissions that are regulated by government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with exceeding the acceptable exposure limits for Criteria Air Contaminants?

    <p>Excessive damage to the environment and increased health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of monitoring and regulating Criteria Air Contaminants?

    <p>To minimize the environmental damage and health risks associated with air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind Non-Dispersive Infrared Detection (NDIR) for CO2 and CO measurement?

    <p>The absorption of IR light by CO2 and CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of localized shortages of oxygen on combustion in a furnace?

    <p>Production of carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Pulsed Fluorescence Testing over other methods?

    <p>It measures the emission of UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of reducing or eliminating emissions in a variety of ways?

    <p>To reduce global pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Carbon Dioxide is a serious pollutant?

    <p>It contributes to global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for testing emissions for official purposes?

    <p>To follow both EPA and ASTM standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using automatic flue gas analyzers in power plants?

    <p>To monitor the composition of the flue gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of building 'super' stacks on local pollution?

    <p>It reduces pollution in the immediate area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Power Engineers must control the conditions in a furnace?

    <p>To reduce Carbon Monoxide emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary principle behind Chemiluminescence for NOx measurement?

    <p>The emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of maximizing efficiency in power plants?

    <p>Minimizing the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

    <p>Removing CO2 from flue gas by contacting it with a solution of amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of regenerable Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems over non-regenerable systems?

    <p>Recovery of sulfur for sale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing fuel NOX emissions in power plants?

    <p>Percent of nitrogen in the fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in controlling thermal NOX production in power plants?

    <p>High furnace temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means of reducing fuel NOX emissions in power plants?

    <p>Using fuel with zero nitrogen content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the limited widespread adoption of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

    <p>High cost of operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of stack emission monitoring systems in power plants?

    <p>To ensure compliance with environmental regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of reforestation in mitigating the impact of CO2 emissions?

    <p>Removing CO2 from the atmosphere through tree growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Power Engineers in minimizing the environmental impact of power plants?

    <p>Ensuring efficient operation and maintenance of power plant equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reducing NOX emission after it is produced?

    <p>Selective Catalytic Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated time it will take for the CFCs already in the atmosphere to decompose?

    <p>1500 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using CO2 as a refrigerant?

    <p>It is not ozone depleting and has a neutral environmental effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to reduce the formation of NOX during combustion?

    <p>By maintaining the combustion temperature below 1650°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using renewable energy sources?

    <p>They do not produce pollutants and do not contribute to global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reducing the amount of CFCs released to the atmosphere?

    <p>By using proper maintenance, repair, and storage of machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Source Emission Monitoring in energy plants?

    <p>To monitor emissions at the facility and ensure compliance with regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) that ensures continuous sampling and analysis of emissions?

    <p>A pump that continuously fills the storing box with the gas being tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using ammonia as a refrigerant?

    <p>It is highly energy efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why biomass is considered a renewable energy source?

    <p>It is a variety of plant-based organic material or municipal waste material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to monitor emissions from energy plants continuously?

    <p>To ensure that emissions are kept at an acceptable level and to provide records of plant emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Power Engineer in emission monitoring?

    <p>To ensure that all required emission monitoring is performed according to regulatory or site-specific requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of reducing the amount of fluorinated gases released to the atmosphere?

    <p>By regulating their use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for installing a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) in energy plants?

    <p>To meet regulatory agency requirements for emission standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using hydrofluoro-olefins (HFO) and hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants?

    <p>They have a lower impact on the environment than CFCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sampling train in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)?

    <p>To draw flue gas from the stack or ambient air and direct it to various analyzers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) in energy plants?

    <p>It provides a continuous measurement of emissions and ensures compliance with regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ambient emission monitoring in energy plants?

    <p>To monitor emissions at a predetermined location away from the facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the installation of fixed monitoring sites in energy plants?

    <p>To specify in the jurisdictional environmental legislation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using automatic flue gas analyzers in power plants?

    <p>They provide a continuous measurement of emissions and ensure compliance with regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of uncontrolled sound generation on residents near plants?

    <p>Adverse impact on indoor sound levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a noise impact statement?

    <p>To specify the design sound level at the nearest dwelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are high frequency tones perceived as louder than lower frequency tones at the same volume?

    <p>Due to the difference in frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for considering noise impacts before a facility is constructed or in operation?

    <p>To reduce the cost of retrofitting a facility already in operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which sound waves are absorbed?

    <p>Conversion of energy to heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of noise on communities near the source?

    <p>Sleep interference and annoyance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for requiring noise impact statements for new facilities or modifications to existing facilities?

    <p>To ensure the expectation of continuous noise generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of incorporating sound control measures into facility design?

    <p>Keeping increases in sound levels to acceptable minimums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for discussing noise matters with residents during the design and construction phases of a facility?

    <p>To minimize the cost of retrofitting a facility already in operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why facilities with no dwellings within 3 km are still required to take reasonable measures to reduce sound generation?

    <p>To reduce the impact of sound generation on the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using bagasse as a biomass source for power generation?

    <p>It can be quickly replenished through sugar cane growth, reducing the overall environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between geothermal power plants that use reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 182°C and those that use lower temperatures?

    <p>The pressure at which the hot water flows up through the wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using wind energy as a power source?

    <p>It is an intermittent energy source, reliant on energy storage systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel compared to traditional fossil fuels?

    <p>The only product of combustion is water vapour, reducing CO2 emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between solar photovoltaic (PV) technology and solar thermal technology?

    <p>The method of converting solar energy into electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health effect of chronic exposure to elevated noise levels?

    <p>Adverse health effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using hydrogen-rich fuels such as methane and propane compared to traditional fossil fuels?

    <p>They contribute less to CO2 pollution in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using biomass as a fuel source?

    <p>It can be sourced from waste products, reducing waste disposal costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between geothermal energy and other renewable energy sources?

    <p>It is a renewable energy source that can be replenished quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using solar energy as a power source?

    <p>It is too expensive to harness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of sound pressure levels that a human ear can typically detect?

    <p>0.00002 Pa to 200 Pa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a decibel scale in measuring sound pressure levels?

    <p>To convert sound pressure levels into a more meaningful scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a decibel reading of 30 dB compare to a decibel reading of 20 dB in terms of sound intensity?

    <p>30 dB is 10 times more intense than 20 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a sound level meter in noise pollution monitoring?

    <p>To measure the sound pressure levels in Pascals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do noise laws and regulations specify the type of sound meter and weighting scale to be used in noise level measurements?

    <p>To ensure compliance with regulatory standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum noticeable noise reduction in terms of decibel scale?

    <p>5 to 10-fold reduction in noise levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reducing noise at the source in noise pollution control?

    <p>To reduce the sound intensity at the source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of efforts to control noise in noise pollution monitoring?

    <p>To lower the sound intensity at a given location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of modifying the sound wave path in noise pollution control?

    <p>To change the direction of the sound wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a combination of methods to reduce noise at a given location?

    <p>It increases the effectiveness of noise reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy of a sound wave when it strikes a material surface?

    <p>It is either reflected, absorbed, or transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the best materials for sound absorption?

    <p>They are porous and easy to find</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if an enclosure has a hole as small as 1/1000 of its total wall area?

    <p>The sound would leak enough to make the enclosure non-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enclosures in sound path modification?

    <p>To absorb and reflect the sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of barrier changes the sound wave path by trapping sound waves in the material?

    <p>Absorbent barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a type of noise enclosure that absorbs and reflects sound?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which soundproof materials absorb sound waves?

    <p>By trapping sound waves in the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for an enclosure to be effective in sound absorption?

    <p>It must be completely free of leaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a reflective barrier and an absorbent barrier in sound wave modification?

    <p>A reflective barrier reflects sound waves, while an absorbent barrier absorbs them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why lead, loose sand, and brick are good sound absorbers?

    <p>They are highly porous materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an inlet silencer on a forced draft fan?

    <p>To decrease the fan's noise output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why enclosures are used in sound path modification?

    <p>To absorb or reflect sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

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