4AE3 U5 C2 Review

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What is the function of stratospheric ozone in the Earth's atmosphere?

Protecting the Earth (correct)

Supporting life directly

Absorbing solar X-ray and UV radiation

Regulating temperature in the mesosphere

What is the temperature range in the upper thermosphere?

500°C to 2000°C (correct)

-200°C to 500°C

-100°C to 0°C

0°C to -100°C

What is the layer of the atmosphere where the Northern Lights occur?

Exosphere

Thermosphere (correct)

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

What is the reason for the high concentration of iron and other metal atoms in the mesosphere?

Debris from meteors Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

Exosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend of temperature in the mesosphere with increasing altitude?

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere with higher elevations?

The absorption of ultraviolet light from the sun Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of the stratosphere where ozone accumulates known as?

The ozone layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of ground-level ozone?

Industrial emissions and motor vehicle exhaust Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a Power Engineer regarding gaseous emissions?

To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

The action of chlorofluorocarbon based refrigerants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

The reduction of the ozone layer's ability to protect the Earth from harmful UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary producer of carbon monoxide?

The internal combustion engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why carbon monoxide is a serious pollutant?

It is a toxic gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the formation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide during combustion?

The amount of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the troposphere primarily characterized by?

Most atmospheric physical activity and almost all atmospheric water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere?

Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the collective compounds of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide?

SOX Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere?

They contribute to acid rain and are hazardous to life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere?

Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nitrogen oxides reacting with sunlight in the atmosphere?

They form photochemical smog Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of methane in the atmosphere?

It is a more significant greenhouse gas than CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ozone in the stratosphere?

It shields the Earth’s surface from hazardous ultraviolet radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which ozone is formed in the stratosphere?

Catalytic decomposition of O2 with shortwave UV light Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe compounds composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon?

Chlorofluorocarbons Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of methane that makes it a significant greenhouse gas?

It has 25 times the ability of CO2 at trapping radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of acid rain on plant life?

Disruption of nutrient acquisition, leading to weakness and death Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health risk associated with acid rain?

Inhalation of particulates, leading to respiratory problems Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials are particularly susceptible to the corrosive effects of acid rain?

Exposed metals, such as copper and steel Signup and view all the answers

Why are acid-resistant paints often used on buildings and vehicles?

To reduce the risk of damage from acid rain Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of acid rain on buildings and structures?

Increased maintenance costs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds are particularly reactive with water in highly acidic conditions?

Calcium-based compounds Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon monoxide a concern in boiler operation?

It is explosive in high concentrations Signup and view all the answers

How can Power Engineers reduce the production of carbon monoxide in boiler operation?

By recognizing when burners have insufficient oxygen and taking corrective action Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason carbon dioxide cannot be eliminated from the combustion process?

Because fuel contains carbon Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon dioxide considered a concern in terms of environmental impact?

Because it contributes to climate change Signup and view all the answers

What determines the amount of heat produced when a fuel is burned?

The carbon and hydrogen content of the fuel Signup and view all the answers

Why does natural gas have a relatively lower CO2-to-energy content compared to other fuels?

Because it has a higher energy content relative to other fuels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why jurisdictions are legislating limits on CO2 production from industrial sources?

Because it contributes to climate change Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of inadequate combustion air in boiler operation?

Increased production of carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oxygen trim systems in boiler operation?

To monitor oxygen levels in the combustion process Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure that the boiler fuel train is in a proper state of tune?

To reduce the production of carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of the decomposition of O3 through the reaction with chlorine?

Prevention of the absorption of longwave UV light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring pollutants like arsenic, chlorine, and mercury?

Due to regulatory or plant efficiency requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ozone in the atmosphere?

It absorbs or reflects high energy radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of greenhouse gases on the Earth's temperature?

They maintain the temperature at a stable level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of methane in the atmosphere?

Natural sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the increase in the Earth's average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution?

Increase in greenhouse gas concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fluorinated gases?

To replace chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration on the outgoing radiation?

It is trapped by the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between greenhouse gases and ozone?

Greenhouse gases trap heat, while ozone absorbs UV light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of CFCs in the atmosphere?

To deplete ozone Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to carbon dioxide?

76% Signup and view all the answers

What is the global warming potential of methane relative to carbon dioxide?

What is the estimated atmospheric lifetime of nitrous oxide?

150 years or longer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the decrease in the release of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances?

Multi-national agreements and regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which water vapour enters the atmosphere?

Evaporation from bodies of water Signup and view all the answers

Why were fluorinated gases proposed as a replacement for CFCs?

They do not damage the ozone layer Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to fluorinated gases?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the ability of air to retain water vapour?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the current trend in fluorinated gas emissions?

Increasing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of methane on the atmosphere?

It traps heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of water vapour in the atmosphere?

It adds to the atmospheric energy content Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to quantify the greenhouse gas potency of ozone?

Ozone is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of CO2 emissions according to the United States EPA 2014 estimate?

Oil and Gas and Transportation sectors Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal or healthy pH level in lakes?

Around 5.5 or higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acid rain on the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals?

It interferes with their reproductive cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the first snowmelt of spring in a landscape affected by acid rain?

A surge of acidic runoff Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for lakes that are affected by acid rain to such an extent that they cannot support most aquatic life?

Dead lakes Signup and view all the answers

Why do some forests, streams, and lakes not suffer many negative effects from acid rain?

Because the alkaline soil in those areas neutralize the acidity in the rainwater Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid deposits on tree roots?

They leach away nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of continuous exposure to acid rain on the ecosystem within a lake?

It can negatively impact the entire ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the transition zones between the layers of the atmosphere?

They have characteristics of the layers on both sides Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the mesosphere has a relatively high concentration of iron and other metal atoms?

Meteors and other objects interact with the thickening atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range of the upper thermosphere?

500°C to 2000°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the Northern Lights in the atmosphere?

Thermosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thermosphere in the atmosphere?

It absorbs solar X-ray and UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the extent of the exosphere in the atmosphere?

From about 500 to 10 000 km from the Earth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere with higher elevations?

The absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun during the production of ozone Signup and view all the answers

What is the Chapman cycle responsible for?

The creation of ozone and atomic oxygen in the stratosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of ground-level ozone?

Industrial emissions and motor vehicle exhaust Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

The reduction in the ozone layer's ability to protect the Earth from harmful UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why carbon monoxide is a serious pollutant?

It is a toxic gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the formation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide during combustion?

The amount of oxygen present Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a Power Engineer regarding gaseous emissions?

To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of ground-level ozone on human health?

It triggers a variety of health problems, particularly for children, the elderly, and people with lung diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why governments respond to gaseous pollutants?

To reduce the amount of gaseous emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why industries respond to regulation of gaseous emissions?

To use newer technology and processes to produce fewer or less harmful emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the major concern associated with the accumulation of carbon monoxide in boiler fireside locations?

Increased risk of furnace explosion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for legislating limits on the production of CO2 from industrial sources?

To address growing concerns over climate change Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the amount of CO2 produced when a fuel is burned?

The carbon content of the fuel Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inadequate combustion air in boiler operation?

Increased production of carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why Power Engineers must be able to recognize when burners are operating 'rich'?

To minimize boiler emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of carbon dioxide on the atmosphere?

It contributes to climate change Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative amount of CO2 produced by the combustion of anthracite coal compared to natural gas?

What is the primary role of burners and their control systems in boiler operation?

To ensure peak combustion efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of carbon monoxide on human health and safety?

It is a serious pollutant that can cause illness or death Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why natural gas has a relatively lower CO2-to-energy content compared to other fuels?

It has a lower carbon content Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which sulfur oxides contribute to acid rain?

They form a weak sulfurous or sulfuric acid in the presence of moisture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is responsible for roughly 30% of acid rain?

Nitrogen dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the collective compounds of nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrous oxide?

NOX Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of methane in the atmosphere?

Wetlands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the troposphere?

Increased exposure to hazardous ultraviolet radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the regulation of NOX compounds in industrial emissions?

They contribute to acid rain Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe compounds composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon?

CFCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which ozone is formed in the stratosphere?

The action of high intensity ultraviolet radiation on O2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of methane on the atmosphere?

It is a powerful greenhouse gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the concern about SOX in the atmosphere?

They contribute to acid rain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid rain on plant life?

It weakens and eventually kills the plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health hazard associated with acid rain?

Inhalation of particulates that cause acid rain can lead to health problems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using acid-resistant paints on buildings and vehicles?

To reduce the corrosive effects of acid rain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid rain on buildings made of limestone or marble?

It causes them to react with water in highly acidic conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why acid rain affects human health?

It releases toxic particulates into the air. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid rain on structures with exposed metals?

It causes them to be susceptible to the corrosive action of acid rain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the decomposition of O3 through the reaction with chlorine?

It prevents the absorption of longwave UV light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of methane in the atmosphere?

Both natural sources and industrial activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of greenhouse gases on the Earth's temperature?

It increases the Earth's temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of CFCs in the atmosphere?

They are ozone depleting substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in the Earth's average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution?

Increase in greenhouse gas concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fluorinated gases?

They were developed to replace chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration on the outgoing radiation?

It decreases the outgoing radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why greenhouse gases are necessary for life on Earth?

They trap heat and cause a temperature rise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of fluorinated gases in the atmosphere?

Mechanical refrigerant leaks, refrigeration system servicing, and disposal of equipment that contains refrigerant gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ozone in the atmosphere?

It absorbs or reflects back into space X-rays and high energy ultraviolet light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the stability of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere?

Its long atmospheric lifetime Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that determines the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans?

The temperature of the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Why are fluorinated gases considered high GWP gases?

Because they have a high ability to absorb infrared radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in fluorinated gas emissions in the United States and Europe?

The increase in industrial activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which human activities have increased water vapour in the atmosphere?

Industrial activities that release water vapour Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the decrease in the release of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances?

Multi-national agreements that restricted and ultimately eliminated their use Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high global warming potential of methane?

Its ability to absorb infrared radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

To trap heat and warm the Earth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the ability of air to retain water vapour?

The temperature of the air Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the concern about fluorinated gas emissions?

Their high global warming potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why it is difficult to model the overall effects of atmospheric water vapour on climate change?

Water vapour is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid rain on the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals?

It interferes with the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ozone in the stratosphere?

It absorbs cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some forests, streams, and lakes do not suffer many negative effects from acid rain?

The alkaline soil in those areas neutralizes the acidity in the rainwater. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which acid rain is formed?

Complex reactions with water vapour and sunlight. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid rain on the pH level of lakes?

It decreases the pH level of lakes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of CO2 emissions according to the United States EPA 2014 estimate?

Industrial and land-use sectors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of acid rain on the food chain in aquatic ecosystems?

It affects the entire food chain by impacting microscopic life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why ozone is a greenhouse gas in the troposphere?

It is a potent greenhouse gas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of continuous exposure to acid rain on the ecosystem within a lake?

It results in the entire ecosystem being negatively impacted. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of monitoring Carbon Dioxide emissions in industrial settings?

To measure the efficiency of energy transfer from fuel Signup and view all the answers

Why is Carbon Dioxide not included in the Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) list?

It is not universally monitored and reported Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of setting ambient air quality standards for Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC)?

To establish acceptable exposure limits for human health and the environment Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the acceptable exposure limit for a Criteria Air Contaminant (CAC) is exceeded?

Excessive damage to the environment and increased health risks may occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) listed by Environment Canada?

They are the most significant and widespread pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of regulating the emissions of Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC)?

It reduces the negative impacts on the environment and human health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of atmospheric pollution in an energy plant?

The boiler stack Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)?

To ensure compliance with emission standards Signup and view all the answers

What type of monitoring typically involves both in-stack emissions and fugitive emissions?

Source Emission Monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the Power Engineer in relation to emission monitoring?

To ensure all required emission monitoring is performed according to regulatory or site-specific requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a selector switch in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System?

To draw flue gas from the stack or ambient air from a remote location Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of continuous monitoring of plant emissions?

To ensure that emissions are kept at an acceptable level, and to provide records of plant emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of installing monitoring stations around the facility?

To monitor secondary stacks and fugitive emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of alarms in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System?

To go off if a preset allowable limit of any gas is exceeded Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring pollutants in stack emissions?

To control the concentration of pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a sampler in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System?

To move the sample through the sampling train Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chemiluminescence in the measurement of NOx?

To measure the amount of NOx in a sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Non-Dispersive Infrared Detection (NDIR)?

The absorption of IR light by CO2 and CO Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pulsed fluorescence testing?

To detect sulfur dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with the emission of carbon monoxide?

Its potential to cause asphyxiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for reducing or eliminating emissions?

To reduce the negative environmental impacts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of automatic flue gas analyzers in power plants?

To monitor the composition of the flue gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of carbon dioxide that makes it a concern in terms of environmental impact?

Its contribution to global warming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for building 'super' stacks in the past?

To reduce the local pollution by dispersing it over a greater area Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Power Engineers in controlling carbon monoxide emissions?

To ensure complete combustion by controlling the causes of incomplete combustion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for testing emissions for official purposes?

To follow the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to minimize CO2 production by Power Engineers?

Maximizing efficiency to ensure only the required amount of fuel is burned Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of regenerable FGD systems?

The sulfur is recovered and can be sold Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in controlling thermal NOX production in power plants?

The formation of high levels of NOX is encouraged by high temperatures and excess oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated impact of reforestation on CO2 emissions from power plants over the next 10 years?

It would remove all CO2 emissions from power plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to reduce fuel NOX emissions?

Using fuel that contains less nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

To remove carbon dioxide from flue gas and store it Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of maximizing efficiency in power plants?

It reduces the amount of CO2 emissions by ensuring only the required amount of fuel is burned Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in implementing Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

The cost of installing CCS systems is high Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Power Engineers in reducing gaseous emissions?

To be mindful and efficient equipment operators Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of maintaining stack emission monitoring systems?

It ensures that emissions are within regulatory limits Signup and view all the answers

How can NOX be removed from the flue gas stream?

By using technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction or Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does the formation of NOX proceed rapidly?

Above 1650°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated time it will take for CFCs to decompose in the atmosphere?

Up to 1500 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of CO2 that makes it a 'green' refrigerant?

It is sourced from the atmosphere and is not ozone depleting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reducing NOX emission before it is produced?

Maintaining the combustion temperature below 1650°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of proper maintenance, repair, and storage of machinery that use CFCs and fluorinated gases?

Reduced amount of CFCs released to the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a renewable energy source that addresses natural sources of harmful emissions?

Biomass Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ammonia when it is leaked to the environment?

It is rapidly absorbed by water and enters the soil Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for reducing NOX emission?

To minimize the formation of NOX in the first place Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using hydrofluoro-olefins (HFO) and hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants?

They have a lower impact on the environment than the refrigerants they replace Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using bagasse for power generation?

It reduces the overall environmental impact Signup and view all the answers

How does geothermal energy generation ensure it is a renewable resource?

By injecting leftover water and condensed steam back into the reservoir Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of wind power generation?

It is intermittent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using hydrogen as a fuel?

It produces less CO2 pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of noise pollution?

Environmental noise that is annoying, distracting, or physically harmful Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using solar energy?

It is a nonpolluting source of energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mirrors in solar thermal processes?

To focus and concentrate solar energy on a target point Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of fuel cells?

To produce electricity to drive cars and buses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with storing hydrogen?

A small leak poses an explosion hazard Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using biomass energy from forest residue?

It reduces waste in forests Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of high noise levels on individuals living near a high noise source area?

Hypertension, stress, and sleep problems Signup and view all the answers

Why are intermittent or impulse noises often more annoying than a constant noise?

Because they are harder to predict Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a noise impact statement in the construction of a new facility?

To specify the design sound level at the nearest dwelling Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider noise matters during the design and construction phases of a facility?

To reduce the cost of noise mitigation measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical frequency range of noise produced by furnaces, fans, and reciprocating compressors?

Low frequency Signup and view all the answers

What happens when sound waves strike a non-rigid barrier?

The sound waves are absorbed Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider noise impacts from heavy truck traffic around operating facilities?

Because it can affect the quality of life of nearby residents Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sound measurement in noise impact assessments?

To determine the impact of noise on nearby residents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the acceptable sound level for a facility?

The quality of life of nearby residents Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to take reasonable measures to reduce sound generation even in areas with no dwellings within 3 km?

To minimize the impact on future developments Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of sound pressure levels that a human ear can detect?

0.00002 Pa to 200 Pa Signup and view all the answers

Why is the decibel scale used to measure sound levels?

Because it is a logarithmic scale Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a decibel reading of 20 dB and 10 dB?

20 dB is 10 times as loud as 10 dB Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of weighting networks in sound meters?

To adjust the meter's readout to correspond to human hearing Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum noticeable noise reduction in decibels?

5-10% of the current noise level Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways to reduce noise at a given location?

Reduce the sound at the source, modify the sound wave path, and protect hearing with a barrier device Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of noise laws or regulations?

To control noise emissions and ensure regulatory compliance Signup and view all the answers

What is the most representative weighting scale of human hearing?

A Signup and view all the answers

What is the rating system for sound meters based on?

Accuracy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of efforts to control noise?

To lower the sound intensity at a given location Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of setting ambient air quality standards for Criteria Air Contaminants?

To minimize the environmental damage and health risks associated with exceeding acceptable exposure limits Signup and view all the answers

Why is Carbon Dioxide not currently included on the Criteria Air Contaminants list?

Because it is primarily used to ensure complete combustion in industrial processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between contaminants and pollutants?

There is no difference between contaminants and pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Criteria Air Contaminants list published by Environment Canada?

It identifies the most significant energy plant emissions that are regulated by government Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with exceeding the acceptable exposure limits for Criteria Air Contaminants?

Excessive damage to the environment and increased health risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of monitoring and regulating Criteria Air Contaminants?

To minimize the environmental damage and health risks associated with air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Non-Dispersive Infrared Detection (NDIR) for CO2 and CO measurement?

The absorption of IR light by CO2 and CO Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of localized shortages of oxygen on combustion in a furnace?

Production of carbon monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Pulsed Fluorescence Testing over other methods?

It measures the emission of UV light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of reducing or eliminating emissions in a variety of ways?

To reduce global pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why Carbon Dioxide is a serious pollutant?

It contributes to global warming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for testing emissions for official purposes?

To follow both EPA and ASTM standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using automatic flue gas analyzers in power plants?

To monitor the composition of the flue gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of building 'super' stacks on local pollution?

It reduces pollution in the immediate area Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why Power Engineers must control the conditions in a furnace?

To reduce Carbon Monoxide emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind Chemiluminescence for NOx measurement?

The emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of maximizing efficiency in power plants?

Minimizing the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

Removing CO2 from flue gas by contacting it with a solution of amines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of regenerable Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems over non-regenerable systems?

Recovery of sulfur for sale Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing fuel NOX emissions in power plants?

Percent of nitrogen in the fuel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in controlling thermal NOX production in power plants?

High furnace temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of reducing fuel NOX emissions in power plants?

Using fuel with zero nitrogen content Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the limited widespread adoption of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) systems?

High cost of operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of stack emission monitoring systems in power plants?

To ensure compliance with environmental regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of reforestation in mitigating the impact of CO2 emissions?

Removing CO2 from the atmosphere through tree growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Power Engineers in minimizing the environmental impact of power plants?

Ensuring efficient operation and maintenance of power plant equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reducing NOX emission after it is produced?

Selective Catalytic Reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated time it will take for the CFCs already in the atmosphere to decompose?

1500 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using CO2 as a refrigerant?

It is not ozone depleting and has a neutral environmental effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to reduce the formation of NOX during combustion?

By maintaining the combustion temperature below 1650°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using renewable energy sources?

They do not produce pollutants and do not contribute to global warming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reducing the amount of CFCs released to the atmosphere?

By using proper maintenance, repair, and storage of machinery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Source Emission Monitoring in energy plants?

To monitor emissions at the facility and ensure compliance with regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) that ensures continuous sampling and analysis of emissions?

A pump that continuously fills the storing box with the gas being tested Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using ammonia as a refrigerant?

It is highly energy efficient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why biomass is considered a renewable energy source?

It is a variety of plant-based organic material or municipal waste material Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to monitor emissions from energy plants continuously?

To ensure that emissions are kept at an acceptable level and to provide records of plant emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Power Engineer in emission monitoring?

To ensure that all required emission monitoring is performed according to regulatory or site-specific requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reducing the amount of fluorinated gases released to the atmosphere?

By regulating their use Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for installing a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) in energy plants?

To meet regulatory agency requirements for emission standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using hydrofluoro-olefins (HFO) and hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants?

They have a lower impact on the environment than CFCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sampling train in a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)?

To draw flue gas from the stack or ambient air and direct it to various analyzers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) in energy plants?

It provides a continuous measurement of emissions and ensures compliance with regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ambient emission monitoring in energy plants?

To monitor emissions at a predetermined location away from the facility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the installation of fixed monitoring sites in energy plants?

To specify in the jurisdictional environmental legislation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using automatic flue gas analyzers in power plants?

They provide a continuous measurement of emissions and ensure compliance with regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of uncontrolled sound generation on residents near plants?

Adverse impact on indoor sound levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a noise impact statement?

To specify the design sound level at the nearest dwelling Signup and view all the answers

Why are high frequency tones perceived as louder than lower frequency tones at the same volume?

Due to the difference in frequency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for considering noise impacts before a facility is constructed or in operation?

To reduce the cost of retrofitting a facility already in operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which sound waves are absorbed?

Conversion of energy to heat energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of noise on communities near the source?

Sleep interference and annoyance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for requiring noise impact statements for new facilities or modifications to existing facilities?

To ensure the expectation of continuous noise generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of incorporating sound control measures into facility design?

Keeping increases in sound levels to acceptable minimums Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for discussing noise matters with residents during the design and construction phases of a facility?

To minimize the cost of retrofitting a facility already in operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why facilities with no dwellings within 3 km are still required to take reasonable measures to reduce sound generation?

To reduce the impact of sound generation on the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using bagasse as a biomass source for power generation?

It can be quickly replenished through sugar cane growth, reducing the overall environmental impact Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between geothermal power plants that use reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 182°C and those that use lower temperatures?

The pressure at which the hot water flows up through the wells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of using wind energy as a power source?

It is an intermittent energy source, reliant on energy storage systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel compared to traditional fossil fuels?

The only product of combustion is water vapour, reducing CO2 emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between solar photovoltaic (PV) technology and solar thermal technology?

The method of converting solar energy into electricity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health effect of chronic exposure to elevated noise levels?

Adverse health effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using hydrogen-rich fuels such as methane and propane compared to traditional fossil fuels?

They contribute less to CO2 pollution in the air Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using biomass as a fuel source?

It can be sourced from waste products, reducing waste disposal costs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between geothermal energy and other renewable energy sources?

It is a renewable energy source that can be replenished quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of using solar energy as a power source?

It is too expensive to harness Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of sound pressure levels that a human ear can typically detect?

0.00002 Pa to 200 Pa Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a decibel scale in measuring sound pressure levels?

To convert sound pressure levels into a more meaningful scale Signup and view all the answers

How does a decibel reading of 30 dB compare to a decibel reading of 20 dB in terms of sound intensity?

30 dB is 10 times more intense than 20 dB Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sound level meter in noise pollution monitoring?

To measure the sound pressure levels in Pascals Signup and view all the answers

Why do noise laws and regulations specify the type of sound meter and weighting scale to be used in noise level measurements?

To ensure compliance with regulatory standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum noticeable noise reduction in terms of decibel scale?

5 to 10-fold reduction in noise levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reducing noise at the source in noise pollution control?

To reduce the sound intensity at the source Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of efforts to control noise in noise pollution monitoring?

To lower the sound intensity at a given location Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of modifying the sound wave path in noise pollution control?

To change the direction of the sound wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a combination of methods to reduce noise at a given location?

It increases the effectiveness of noise reduction Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy of a sound wave when it strikes a material surface?

It is either reflected, absorbed, or transmitted Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the best materials for sound absorption?

They are porous and easy to find Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if an enclosure has a hole as small as 1/1000 of its total wall area?

The sound would leak enough to make the enclosure non-effective Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enclosures in sound path modification?

To absorb and reflect the sound Signup and view all the answers

What type of barrier changes the sound wave path by trapping sound waves in the material?

Absorbent barrier Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a type of noise enclosure that absorbs and reflects sound?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which soundproof materials absorb sound waves?

By trapping sound waves in the material Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for an enclosure to be effective in sound absorption?

It must be completely free of leaks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a reflective barrier and an absorbent barrier in sound wave modification?

A reflective barrier reflects sound waves, while an absorbent barrier absorbs them Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of stratospheric ozone in the Earth's atmosphere?

What is the temperature range in the upper thermosphere?

What is the layer of the atmosphere where the Northern Lights occur?

What is the reason for the high concentration of iron and other metal atoms in the mesosphere?

What is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

What is the trend of temperature in the mesosphere with increasing altitude?

What is the primary reason for the temperature increase in the stratosphere with higher elevations?

What is the layer of the stratosphere where ozone accumulates known as?

What is the primary source of ground-level ozone?

What is the primary responsibility of a Power Engineer regarding gaseous emissions?

What is the primary cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

What is the primary effect of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

What is the primary producer of carbon monoxide?

What is the primary reason why carbon monoxide is a serious pollutant?

What is the primary factor that determines the formation of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide during combustion?

What is the troposphere primarily characterized by?

What is the primary source of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere?

What is the term used to describe the collective compounds of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide?

What is the role of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere?

What is the primary source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere?

What is the effect of nitrogen oxides reacting with sunlight in the atmosphere?

What is the role of methane in the atmosphere?

What is the role of ozone in the stratosphere?

What is the process by which ozone is formed in the stratosphere?

What is the term used to describe compounds composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon?

What is a characteristic of methane that makes it a significant greenhouse gas?

What is the primary impact of acid rain on plant life?

What is a potential health risk associated with acid rain?

What type of materials are particularly susceptible to the corrosive effects of acid rain?

Why are acid-resistant paints often used on buildings and vehicles?

What is a common consequence of acid rain on buildings and structures?

Which of the following compounds are particularly reactive with water in highly acidic conditions?

Why is carbon monoxide a concern in boiler operation?

How can Power Engineers reduce the production of carbon monoxide in boiler operation?

What is the primary reason carbon dioxide cannot be eliminated from the combustion process?

Why is carbon dioxide considered a concern in terms of environmental impact?

What determines the amount of heat produced when a fuel is burned?

Why does natural gas have a relatively lower CO2-to-energy content compared to other fuels?

What is the main reason why jurisdictions are legislating limits on CO2 production from industrial sources?

What is the result of inadequate combustion air in boiler operation?

What is the primary role of oxygen trim systems in boiler operation?

Why is it important to ensure that the boiler fuel train is in a proper state of tune?

What is the main effect of the decomposition of O3 through the reaction with chlorine?

What is the primary reason for monitoring pollutants like arsenic, chlorine, and mercury?

What is the role of ozone in the atmosphere?

What is the effect of greenhouse gases on the Earth's temperature?

What is the main source of methane in the atmosphere?

What is the reason for the increase in the Earth's average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution?

What is the primary role of fluorinated gases?

What is the effect of the increase in greenhouse gas concentration on the outgoing radiation?

What is the main difference between greenhouse gases and ozone?

What is the primary role of CFCs in the atmosphere?

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to carbon dioxide?

What is the global warming potential of methane relative to carbon dioxide?

What is the estimated atmospheric lifetime of nitrous oxide?

What is the main reason for the decrease in the release of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances?

What is the primary mechanism by which water vapour enters the atmosphere?

Why were fluorinated gases proposed as a replacement for CFCs?

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to fluorinated gases?

What is the primary factor that determines the ability of air to retain water vapour?

What is the current trend in fluorinated gas emissions?

What is the primary effect of methane on the atmosphere?

What is the primary effect of water vapour in the atmosphere?

Why is it difficult to quantify the greenhouse gas potency of ozone?

What is the primary source of CO2 emissions according to the United States EPA 2014 estimate?

What is the normal or healthy pH level in lakes?

What is the effect of acid rain on the reproductive cycle of aquatic animals?

What is the result of the first snowmelt of spring in a landscape affected by acid rain?

What is the term for lakes that are affected by acid rain to such an extent that they cannot support most aquatic life?

Why do some forests, streams, and lakes not suffer many negative effects from acid rain?

What is the primary effect of acid deposits on tree roots?

What is the result of continuous exposure to acid rain on the ecosystem within a lake?

What is the primary characteristic of the transition zones between the layers of the atmosphere?

What is the main reason why the mesosphere has a relatively high concentration of iron and other metal atoms?

What is the temperature range of the upper thermosphere?

What is the location of the Northern Lights in the atmosphere?

What is the primary function of the thermosphere in the atmosphere?