20 Questions
What type of study involves the researcher simply observing the subjects without interfering in a situation that is already occurring?
Observational study
In an observational study, what control does the researcher have over what happens to the subjects?
No control
What type of study collects data at a specific point in time from different samples, like a 'snapshot'?
Cross-sectional study
Which of the following is NOT true about observational studies?
Researchers have full control over the subjects
What is one limitation of a cross-sectional study highlighted in the text?
Cannot observe change at individual level
How does a longitudinal study differ from a cross-sectional study?
Observes change at both group and individual levels
In an experimental study, what is the role of the control group?
Is unaffected by the independent variable
What is an extraneous variable in an experimental study?
A variable that affects the dependent variable
Why is it important to have an experimental and a control group in a study seeking causality?
To minimize the effects of extraneous variables
Which group begins eating only organic food in an experimental study described in the text?
Experimental Group
What is the main responsibility of a statistician before organizing, analyzing, interpreting, or presenting data?
Conduct a study
In an observational study, what distinguishes a cross-sectional study from a longitudinal study?
Longitudinal studies track subjects over a period of time.
What makes a survey an example of an observational study?
Observing subjects without influencing outcomes
If a researcher wants to determine the effects of organic food on health in a non-experimental setting, what type of study should they consider?
Observational study
In an experimental study seeking to determine the effects of organic food consumption on health, what is the purpose of having a control group?
To provide a baseline for comparison against the group receiving the treatment
How can extraneous variables affect the results of an experimental study?
They can confound the results and make it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable
What distinguishes an experimental study from an observational study?
In an experimental study, the researcher controls what is happening and makes inferences based on these controls
What is the primary limitation of using a cross-sectional study design as highlighted in the text?
It cannot observe change at individual levels or determine causal relationships
Why do experimental studies typically involve dividing subjects into an experimental group and a control group?
To minimize the effects of extraneous variables and demonstrate causal relationships
What is the purpose of conducting a longitudinal study over a cross-sectional study when investigating causal relationships?
To observe changes at both group and individual levels and establish causal relationships
Study Notes
Observational Studies
- In an observational study, the researcher simply observes the subjects without interfering in a situation that is already occurring, and has no control over what happens to the subjects.
- Observational studies are used to collect data at a specific point in time from different samples, like a 'snapshot'.
- One limitation of a cross-sectional study is that it only provides a snapshot of the data at a single point in time and does not show causal relationships.
Experimental Studies
- In an experimental study, the control group does not receive the treatment being tested, and is used as a baseline to compare with the experimental group.
- An extraneous variable in an experimental study is a factor that can affect the outcome of the study, but is not the variable being tested.
- Having an experimental and a control group in a study is important to establish causality, as it allows researchers to isolate the effect of the independent variable.
Study Design
- A longitudinal study differs from a cross-sectional study in that it involves collecting data over a longer period of time, rather than at a single point in time.
- A survey is an example of an observational study because it involves collecting data through self-reported responses.
Research Methods
- If a researcher wants to determine the effects of organic food on health in a non-experimental setting, they should consider a longitudinal study.
- In an experimental study, the control group is used to provide a basis for comparison with the experimental group, to determine the effect of the independent variable.
Limitations
- Extraneous variables can affect the results of an experimental study by introducing confounding factors that influence the outcome.
- The primary limitation of using a cross-sectional study design is that it does not allow researchers to establish causal relationships between variables.
Experimental Design
- Experimental studies involve dividing subjects into an experimental group and a control group to establish causality.
- The purpose of conducting a longitudinal study over a cross-sectional study is to investigate causal relationships by collecting data over a longer period of time.
Learn about observational studies, a research method where researchers observe subjects without interfering. Explore the differences between observational and experimental studies, as well as the importance of collecting primary data.
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