Understanding System Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a system and its primary purpose?

A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked to achieve a specific goal.

Identify the three basic constraints of a system.

The three basic constraints are structure and behavior designed to achieve an objective, interconnectivity among components, and prioritization of organizational objectives over subsystems.

How does organization contribute to the functioning of a system?

Organization provides structure and order, arranging components to achieve predetermined objectives.

Explain the concept of interaction within a system.

<p>Interaction refers to how components operate with each other, ensuring departments like purchasing and production collaborate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interdependence mean in the context of a system?

<p>Interdependence means that components depend on one another, coordinating their functions according to a specified plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define integration in a system and its significance.

<p>Integration concerns how system components are connected and ensures that parts work together even while performing unique functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central objective play in a system's design?

<p>The central objective guides the system's operations and should be clear to users for successful design and conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between inputs and outputs in a system.

<p>Inputs are the information entering the system for processing, while outputs are the useful outcomes produced from that processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a Business Analyst in a system development context?

<p>The Business Analyst identifies business value, develops ideas for improving business processes, and helps design new policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do analytical skills contribute to problem-solving in an organization?

<p>Analytical skills enable problem identification, analysis, and sound decision-making necessary for effective solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key responsibilities of a System Analyst?

<p>A System Analyst addresses information systems issues and ensures compliance with IS standards while suggesting improvements for business processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are interpersonal skills important in IT roles?

<p>Interpersonal skills are crucial for effective communication, user interface, and facilitating team dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical considerations should IT professionals keep in mind?

<p>IT professionals must deal fairly with team members, handle confidential information responsibly, and maintain trust with all stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the focus of an Infrastructure Analyst.

<p>An Infrastructure Analyst focuses on the technical aspects of how a system interacts with an organization's hardware, software, and network infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does effective change management contribute to successful IT system installations?

<p>Effective change management addresses the people and management issues that arise during system installation, facilitating smoother transitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do output specifications influence the processing of input in a system?

<p>Output specifications determine what and how much input is needed, leading to modifications in processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does curiosity play in the analytical skills of IT professionals?

<p>Curiosity drives IT professionals to continuously learn and explore new organizational setups, enhancing their ability to solve problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the control element in a system?

<p>The control element acts as the decision-making subsystem that governs input, processing, and output activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between positive and negative feedback in a dynamic system.

<p>Positive feedback encourages routine performance, while negative feedback provides informational input for corrective actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the boundaries of a system, and why are they important?

<p>Boundaries define the limits of a system's components and processes, crucial for determining its interface with other systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a schematic model and what purpose does it serve?

<p>A schematic model is a 2-D chart that illustrates system elements and their interconnections, showing flows of information and material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a flow system model.

<p>A flow system model depicts the orderly movement of material, energy, and information that maintains system integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Gantt chart represent system relationships?

<p>A Gantt chart provides a static representation of the relationship between activity and time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dynamic system models from static system models?

<p>Dynamic system models represent changing relationships over time, while static models depict fixed relationships like activity-time or cost-quantity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of investing in an Information System according to the passage?

<p>The primary goal is to enable the organization to perform work better, thereby increasing profits or serving constituents more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the phases included in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC).

<p>The phases of SDLC include requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Systems Analyst (SA) in implementing the SDLC?

<p>The Systems Analyst analyzes business situations, identifies improvement opportunities, and designs an information system to implement those improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for a Systems Analyst to understand the organization’s goals and current business processes?

<p>It is important because understanding these aspects ensures that the system they design provides value and supports the organization's objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key technical skills that a Systems Analyst should possess?

<p>Key technical skills include knowledge of computers and software, familiarity with system design tools, and keeping abreast of modern development technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the role of a Systems Analyst considered challenging and interesting?

<p>The role is interesting and challenging because it involves working with a variety of people and understanding how they conduct business.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the abandonment of a system according to the content?

<p>Systems can be abandoned if the analyst fails to clearly understand how the system supports the organization’s goals and current processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is SDLC considered a conceptual model?

<p>SDLC is considered a conceptual model because it outlines policies and procedures for developing or altering systems throughout their life cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary approaches a company can take for the design strategy of a system?

<p>A company can develop the system in-house, outsource its development, or purchase an existing software package.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the architecture design phase specify?

<p>It describes the hardware, software, and network infrastructure that will be used in the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do database and file specifications play in system development?

<p>They define what data will be stored and the locations where this data will be stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical steps are involved in the construction phase of system implementation?

<p>The system is built and tested to ensure it performs as designed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conversion strategies mentioned for installing a new system?

<p>Cutover approach, parallel conversion approach, and phased conversion strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a support plan in the maintenance phase?

<p>It includes a post-implementation review and systematic identification of changes needed for the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is user training important during the installation phase of a new system?

<p>Training is essential to help users adapt to the new system and manage the changes it brings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activities are typically involved in the maintenance phase after a system's implementation?

<p>Assessments of system utilization and gathering user feedback for potential changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Planning Phase in the SDLC?

<p>To understand the necessity of building an information system and to outline the approach for developing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a project manager, what key responsibilities ensure the project is successful?

<p>Creating a work plan, staffing the project, and implementing techniques for project control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three types of feasibility are evaluated during the feasibility study?

<p>Technical feasibility, economic feasibility, and organizational feasibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Requirements Gathering step in the Analysis Phase?

<p>To analyze information leading to the development of a system concept and business analysis models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the System Proposal contribute to the project's progression?

<p>It presents the project concept to sponsors and decision-makers for approval to continue the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key activities are involved in the Design Phase of the SDLC?

<p>Determining the system's operational components, including hardware, software, and user interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of user training and documentation in change management?

<p>They are crucial for ensuring users adapt to the new system and utilize it effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the Planning Phase concerning system requests?

<p>Identifying system requests, which summarize business needs and the expected value from a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

System

An orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together to achieve a specific goal.

System Constraint

Rules a system must follow for proper operation, including structure, interconnectivity, and organizational goals.

System Organization

The structured arrangement of system components to accomplish objectives.

System Interaction

How different components of a system work with each other.

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System Interdependence

How system components rely on each other for proper functioning.

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System Integration

The way components of a system are connected to work together, even with different functions.

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System's Central Objective

The main goal or purpose of the system.

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System Input

Information that goes into a system for processing.

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System Output

The result of processing input in a system.

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System Processor

The part of a system that transforms input into output.

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Processor Modification

Processors can change input data, either completely or partially, depending on the output requirements.

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Control Element

The decision-making part of a system that directs the flow of input, processing, and output.

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Operating System's Role

The OS controls a computer system's actions and behavior through software.

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Output Specifications

Output specifications determine the needed input in a system to maintain balance.

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Positive Feedback

Feedback that encourages system performance.

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Negative Feedback

Feedback offering information for the controller to act on.

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System Environment

External factors affecting a system's operation (e.g., vendors, competitors).

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System Boundaries

Limits defining a system's components, processes, and interactions with other systems.

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System Interface

The point of interaction between a system and other systems.

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Schematic Model

2-D diagram showing system elements and their connections (information flow, material flow).

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Flow System Model

Model depicting the movement of materials, energy, and information within a system.

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Static System Model

Represents one relationship between factors(e.g., activity and time).

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Dynamic System Model

Represents how a system changes over time and reacts to different factors.

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Information System (IS)

A set of interconnected components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making and achieve organizational goals.

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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

A structured approach to building information systems through phases: requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance.

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Systems Analyst (SA)

A professional who analyzes business needs, designs information systems, and oversees their implementation to improve organizational effectiveness.

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SDLC Phases

Systematic steps in the SDLC, including requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance.

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Investment in IS

IS investment is like any other investment; the goal is not just to have a tool but to improve organizational efficiency and profits.

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Effective SDLC Outcomes

High-quality system meeting customer expectations, completed on time and within budget, operating efficiently and effectively in the current and planned IT infrastructure.

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SA Technical Skills

Knowledge of computers, software, recent developments, system design tools, and various technologies.

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SA Business Skills

Understands IT infrastructure and how it supports business needs.

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IT Business Value

The tangible benefits that IT systems bring to a business, such as increased efficiency, revenue, or customer satisfaction.

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Analytical Skills

The ability to understand complex issues, identify problems, analyze data, and propose solutions.

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Interpersonal Skills

The ability to interact effectively with others, communicate clearly, motivate teams, and manage expectations.

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Management Skills

The ability to plan, organize, and coordinate resources effectively, manage projects, and navigate change.

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Ethical Skills

The ability to act honestly and responsibly with all stakeholders, safeguarding sensitive information.

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Business Analyst

Focuses on the business implications of a system, identifying improvements and creating business processes.

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System Analyst

Focuses on information systems design and ensuring systems meet organizational standards.

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Infrastructure Analyst

Focuses on the technical infrastructure needed to support a system.

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Change Management Analyst

Focuses on the people side of system implementation, managing transitions and employee adoption.

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Design Strategy

Decides if a system will be built internally, outsourced, or bought as a package.

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Architecture Design

Details the hardware, software, and network setup of a system.

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Database & File Specifications

Specifies the data to be stored and its location.

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Program Design

Outlines each program needed and its function.

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System Construction

Building and testing the system to ensure functionality.

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System Installation

Switching off the old system and on the new one.

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System Support Plan

Post-implementation review and change management.

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Project Initialization

Determining a system's business value and how it will reduce costs or increase revenues.

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Feasibility Study

Investigation of technical, economic, and organizational factors to assess if a project is viable.

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System Request

Brief summary of a business need and how a system will create value.

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Project Management (SDLC)

Creating work plans, staffing the project, and directing the team throughout the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle).

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Project Manager

Ensures project completion on time and within budget, delivering system value.

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Analysis Strategy

Plan guiding the project team's analysis of current systems, their problems, and proposed solutions.

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Requirements Gathering

Process of identifying and documenting the needs of the new system.

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System Proposal

Presentation to stakeholders deciding whether a project should proceed.

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Design Phase

Defining how the system will function with its hardware, software, user interfaces, and reports.

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Study Notes

What is a System?

  • System derived from Greek word, meaning organized relationship between components to achieve a common objective
  • System is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal

Constraints of a System

  • System must have a structure and behavior designed to achieve a predefined objective
  • Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among system components
  • Objectives of organization are prioritized over objectives of its subsystems

Properties of a System

  • Organization: Implies structure and order; arrangement of components to achieve objectives
  • Interaction: How components operate with each other (e.g., purchasing with production)
  • Interdependence: How components depend on one another for proper functioning
  • Integration: How system components are connected; parts work together despite unique functions
  • Central Objective: System objective must be clear (stated or real)

Elements of a System

  • Input: Information entering the system for processing
  • Processor: Component that transforms input into output
  • Output: Outcome of processing; useful for the user
  • Control: Decision making subsystem governing input, processing, and output
  • Feedback: Control in a dynamic system; positive (routine) or negative (informational)
  • Environment: The supersystem an organization operates within; source of external elements
  • Boundaries: Limits identifying system components, processes, and interrelationships
  • Interfaces: Crucial to determining the nature of how systems interact

System Models

  • Schematic Models: 2D charts showing system elements and linkages (using different arrows for flow types).
  • Flow System Models: Show the orderly flow of material, energy, and information within a system

System Design

  • Process of planning or replacing a system with its components (modules) to satisfy required needs.

System Analysis and Design (SAD)

  • System Design focuses on accomplishing the objectives of the system.
  • Main objectives of SAD are Systems, Processes and Technologies.

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

  • Understanding and designing information systems to support business needs, building, and delivering them to users
  • Phases include Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, and Maintenance
  • SDLC includes policies and procedures for developing or altering systems throughout their life cycle

SA Skills (Systems Analyst)

  • Technical Skills: Knowledge of computers, software, and modern developments, system design tools, and breadth of knowledge about new technologies.
  • Business Skills: Knowledge of IT infrastructure, awareness of how IT improves business situations, and ensuring IT delivers real business value.
  • Analytical Skills: System study, organizational knowledge, problem identification, problem analysis, problem-solving, trade-off analysis, and curiosity about new organizations.
  • Interpersonal Skills: Effective communication, selling, teaching abilities, good understanding, facilitation of groups, and being able to lead small teams, managing expectations.
  • Management Skills:Understanding user jargon and practices, resource and project management, understanding change and risk management, and understanding management functions thoroughly.
  • Ethical Skill: Deal fairly and ethically, deal with confidentiality, maintain confidence, and trust.

SA Specialists

  • Business Analyst: Focus on business issues surrounding the system, identifying business value and developing improvement ideas.
  • System Analyst: Focus on IS issues, helping design new processes and ensure IS standards are followed.
  • Infrastructure Analyst: Focus on technical systems, identifying necessary infrastructure and ensuring it meets organizational standards.
  • Change Management Analyst: Focuses on people management aspects, ensuring proper documentation, support and user training to overcome resistance to change.
  • Project Manager: Ensures successful project completion on time and within budget, ensuring the expected value is delivered to the organization.

Phases of SDLC Details

  • Planning Phase: Understanding the need for an IS, determining feasibility, initiating and planning the project.
  • Analysis Phase: Investigating existing system/s, identifying improvements, developing a new system concept, and gathering requirements using business analysis models.
  • Design Phase: Defining how the system will operate in terms of hardware, software, network infrastructure, user interface, forms, reports, programs, and databases. Deciding if creating the system, buying an existing package, outsourcing the development.
  • Implementation Phase: Building or acquiring the system, testing, and installing it.
  • Maintenance Phase: Ongoing support, conducting assessments, addressing user feedback, troubleshooting issues, creating a support plan for user guidance.

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Lesson 3 - Systems - PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of systems, including their definition, properties, and constraints. It covers how components interact and depend on each other to achieve a common objective. Familiarity with these concepts is essential for understanding various organizational frameworks.

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