Understanding Social Structures

• Social structure involves debate in how society is understood and defined.
• There is a contrast between social structure versus individual agency perspectives.
• Classically, U.S. conservative ideology focused more on individual agency.
• Liberal ideology in the U.S. places more focus on social structure.
• Social structure simplifies how we perceive society.
• Every cause has an effect within a social structure.

Defining Social Structure

• Social structure has two components: hierarchical organization of status in a group and rules/principles regulating behavior.
• Social structures provide a sense of predictability; they combine individual position/role within a group and a sense of predictability.

Characteristics of Social Structures

• Social structures develop historically and need to be understood in light of the past.
• Structural violence is historical.
• Ethnography observes the present but must be aware of how the past shaped the present.
• Social structures tend to be loosely related to environmental and social conditions, such as resource availability and population density.
• More densely populated resource-concentrated areas tend to be more hierarchical, like river valley concentrated areas such as Egypt and China.
• Egypt exhibited a strong influence of hierarchy.
• Social structures are not just oppressive; they can be potentially empowering or disempowering for certain individuals and groups.
• Hierarchy is linked to types of classism and inequality.
• Examples include Amhara/Abyssinian culture versus Somali culture in Eastern Africa.

Amhara Cultural Features

• Amhara culture is defined by fertile, mountainous terrain that supports sedentary agriculture.
• High mountains equate to a lot of rain.
• Agriculture contributes significantly to the culture.
• Imperial rules have been in place for 2,000 years of empire.
• Cultural motifs/rules emphasize speaking carefully and indirectly to express respect for authority.
• There is a surface difference from authority, where one may say something but secretly insult authority.

Somali Cultural Features

• Somali culture features a dry lowland, is characterized by dispersed livestock herding, and has a low population density.
• Imperialists were not successful in conquering Somali regions.
• Constant moving clans are a characteristic.
• Low imperial rule is present.
• Politics are decentralized through clans/kinship.
• Cultural motifs/rules involve respect for elders in lineage, but fewer open debates.

Recap on Social Structures

• Most hierarchical power structures often exist where resources are easily captured, but there’s no one-to-one correspondence.
• Institutions include formalized laws and official entities (government, etc.) but also general social rules and expectations.

Present Day Issue

• The "Great Wealth Transfer" involves Baby Boomers/Silent Generation assets being passed down, estimated to be over $84 trillion by 2045.
• This leads to racial inequality.
• Any race/ethnicity that is not White was not allowed to obtain assets.

Race and Ethnicity

• Social structure encompasses race, with formal and informal laws and rules.
• Contemporary debates exist around this.
• In 2020 whether their was structural racism.
• There would be different topics of connection and no real conversation of data and evidence.
• Talking about race is considered taboo in polite society
• Sides of national debate: Realize the reality of race and racism and Work to forget = doan not exit

Key Terms in the Study of Race

• Ethnicity: Identity differences based on culture.
• Race: An ideal concept that associates differences to genetic/biological differences.
• Ascribed identity is categorized or given/placed by others based on what is seen/observed.
• Diversity in terms of usage becomes complicated.
• Origins: general grouping based on assumed association.
• White supremacy is not just an extreme position in American society, and the belief that certain groups/race/ethnicity are superior/inferior.

Key Points About Race

• Race exists in biological terms.
• Race is historically and globally developed.
• Illusion and reality; it fails.

Biological Reality of Race

• Race is a social construct rather than a biological reality.
• As humans, we share evolutionary genetic traits.
• These traits involve lots of different genes.
• Surface-level traits are simple (what we see).
• Genetic variation exists, with genetic differences amongst populations.
• Population is a more technical and biologically relevant term; it has nothing to do with race.
• Mix of Genes.
• Skin pigmentation variation leads to nicknames that highlight differences among individuals.

Historical and Transnational Context of Race

• Race must be understood in historical and transnational context.
• It involves ideas of "outsider" vs. "insider," "civilized" vs. "barbaric."
• Ideological racism involves the prevalence of ideas, attitudes, and language that mark certain people as biologically different and potentially inferior.
• Structural/systemic racism involves institutions that maintain unequal access to resources.
• Individual racism is solo
• Colonialism racial hierarchy of 1700-1800s: slavery in Americas, colonialism in Asia and Africa.
• Human groups in history had slaves, fought wars and enlightenment.
• British Empire and US
• Place is transitional.
• Ideas are used to justify slavery in the South US.
• Ideas are used to Justify European colonialism.
• 1700's: initial western ideas of hierarchies based on race.

National Perspective on Race

• The need for a rational perspective to analyze race as starting as an illusion that creating sharp realities of segregation & inequality.
• The illusion of "natural" differences.
• Social structure has created our realities
• Holistic perspective, history influences the present
• Futures interaction (trust, believe, etc).
• Ecological Fallacy.
• It is not possible to assume everyone has the same experience because of trends.
• Race and Class have intersections.
• In the 1960s, the wealth gap was wide but closing.
• More than Just Jim Crow era
• OA WHOLE process

Linguistics & Wrapping Up Place

• Caution about ecological fallacy.
• Pattern doesn't mean EVERY PERSON has the same experience.
• It should be assumed that any individual meets a characteristic of a group.
• Race and Class have intersections.
• After Slavery (1870s-1880s), schemes for redistribution didn't go through (40 acres, and Emule).
• By end of Civil Rights/Segregation era (1960s), wealth gap was wide but closing.
• 1970s-1980s: class inequality in the US combined practices.
• That exclude peuples of othe racial groups to gain wealth.
• Around 2000s growth in Stock Stock market.
• Key Debate today.
• To what extent are this disparities best explained by legacies of racism.
• Dant of racial wealth disparity is directly caused by income inequality.
• Intergenerational effect.
• Research finds that thins these complex combination factors that drive hacial inequalitiy today.
• Significant finding : a high risk of DOWNWARD.
• Mobility for black.
• Native Americans (more likely to have a lower Socioeconomic status than parents).
• Influenced by factors like education, incarceration.

Recap of Race

• Race is not inherited biolocally.
• It's the attribution of social meaning to variation.
• Where we're today is shaped by history of focibly
• categorized groups based on outside biology features.
• Debating lingustic determinism.

Advertising Blunders

• How one phrase/word can mean/translated to mean
• Something Cross culture advertising.*

Lost in Translation

• One thing.
• Idams or populon phrases that doesn't translate
• directly concepts: that don't have an equivalent in a different
• language, Mean mene than/something dse in a
• different language
• Translating as is directly won't give adequete meaning to what one wants to express.
• Two the crias of langueyt: cloak theery and mold theory

Cloak Theory and Mold Theory

• Cloak theery: Language mirrors neeility.The qughts first thin put into words
• Mold theory: Language molds, shapes, dictates, on structures how we thing
• Structure/grammer shapes how we see the world.
• The Sapir - Whorf Hypothesis.
• Anothen term for mold bheary.
• Linguistic diturminism - language to some extent.
• Determines how see or think about the world
• Linguistic Prelativity.
• Dantrilineality: angenisekin relations around male bloodiline.
• Pologyny: practice of having multiple wives.
• Preproduction, family size, child bearing practic.
• Parthilateral parallel cousin mannage.
• Honer? shame
• focus on lived experincas.
• Challanges the idea of flattening/homogenizing

Kinship

• Kinship is a principle of organizing individuals into social groups.
• Categories/roles are based on parentage and marriage.
• Organization in families.
• Greates and upholds network of support.
• Provisioning
• Roles and respect of elderly spacificly cure.
• Creates norms about what people should do based on nole/label in family.

Lewis Henry Morgan

• Focused on functions of linship
• Structure within cultures.
• Thaveled North America: documented the label of a relationship for every culture he facid.
• Haudenosaunee: is Matrilineal-descent combined with social authority mixed among women, men.
• Mothens where Ikaders are Clan mothens.
• appinted ment represent clan * Mothen was still as we say polling the shots.

More About Kinship

• He was very influental.
• Karl Mant? Frieanich Engels fuscinated by him.
• Connected to development of social lanshito labeling.
• Today - Basic bension.
• Need Ikinship for biological reasons

Ikinship needs

• Care for child
• gestattion
• parenthood: Socialization Mating
• kinship is a culture,thing
• every culture has their way of designing kinshin
• colonial-era- structural-functionalits
• dont care about culture meaning ans symbolism only care about the function it implicats serves society
• the constructivis term: david schinder
• ensure continuity learning between generations

Types of Kinship

• Consanguinal: blood related kin, biological
• Relation people who shane common ancestor
• affinal: Fictive/created kin.
• Informal adoption of relation ex tiu poncho.
• Prim tono at the jucture between consaw: incest taboo.

Marriage rules

• Exogamy: manny outsuide of of certian group
• endogany: manny inside a contian group
• monyamy: one spouse
• polygamy: multiple spouses

Polygyny

• a man may thave multiple spouses
• okenal solyg myi man, m angranny multiple sisters
• when it comes to descent
• knaw who's mother of child
• assume mother gives birth, we know whos mother.
• no certianty of fabher
• strategy among farmers who have small land so they don't have to divide land into very small portions.
• serial Monogamy; have one spouse at a time but various thhrou hout ife time
• economics of manniaye dotry wealth brough by bride.
• brideweah/bride Price:payment by mans family to brides family.
• bridescrvice
• Post maritial presidence Pule/neocolal/patilocal.matrilocal
• bilocal duolocal

Gender & Sexuality

• Different meaning role in cultures/society
• David lancy cherubs : chattell prasery in terms of investment - changeling: Litfle defuls. trouble makers.
• some cultures like western weren't emptionally invested because they didn't survive to adulthood (Past)
• three basic practices: work/play/education
• children are like an investment to in future core for Parents Educations Cutural Differnces.

Final Gender Issue

• why your band, who do you belong - Bilineal track descunt to both Parents - Dutcrelaternal Cousin Manniage.
• marrying fint courinus in Bedouin broup:ideal isnt always practicca kinship today a lot of models

Modern Kinship

• Finn dignam explanation of relation: Fasta/appoption/homo sexual

Anthropology & Gender/Sexuality

• kin work idea that laships is not just a stricture but a set of practices should analyze not only relationshire, but work and effort to build and maintain relationships Hisar/connar (Third gender in south asia)
• Record history for at least LYY

More on Gender & Sexuality

• Usually assigued mule at birth
• have intersexual genetilial
• avril 2014 india sugrense court recognized is "third oenders” LAIN
• Paint diverse cultural expressions anand concept
• divrese relationships with soxual orientation
• benavior tonounce seatulity att mens who hays ex with hijus arert tome" sea qual "Dent see un Identify nut neatly hit in iutern/lgbtqt Ideen ut Sex! gender.
• as anthropologists how do the approach gender: sesvality around me wonld
• Ridatury approach asklquestion
• holisau dout calegoizre ased your cultures ideals nothur innik abaut culture as an whole.

Approaching Gender

• Culture relatirisu: holism; bender sevality aus it port of
• Spacitic Cutures with love histories. Gross Culture studies, CONSTRUCTIVISM
• Iny to understand how why people create gender
• key buints verus gender: Sex bilogical churadstic

Gender Studies

• Gender: soural construct : sexval amorphis psychological difference between mules femuli:
• miter-sex pilogical of fama тек - Variation Sex: Sexal dimephion decreased over Im yns age in nomming +
• overlop in pyriolocy
• improtent: veriations in me phenodykcial Physcal expression of Dilulagululsex- Gurelilla Vanies to.in extent + ubaut 1.7 percent of people and bunm in ter sex
• gender, is as our al court - jet ut kules/noles louseliy conected tu se But hot prudvad hot just idently hod alvays tied senmal behario sen- bilogical reality fundiunental forts abeat sex thw socialies intupret su diffneme gender roles ex
• hatweo sentual reprimduction anly muthers can de pregmeot ave width breast feed dursin of labor mutes Fumale Liss molulut, iped chager - wale were,
• Two split with spread phanementin amert indignous americans
• and dividual they took both soles it womed
• inen 130-SU hat belief
• feminen demule two spout fermale (male labor)
• Mosucaln male two spent inde (demuke world rah)
• Baindheentithe (Womed Cheit)
• farmers wannion" had wiwites

Gender History

• Berdache french (ongually prsoun) berm from 1860s-1980s to refun to two sparts
• Europan condizantion violentin wiped and has birangstrict wo
• gurdin Societies
• Rilles in writing un wenen ment hearting, loading for scraps is tital
• Womoch weaning working awund camp - western ever eperan men Pable Sphere - wonen. danestic private sphere
• charged thruegout theme ho hatehal soles it sunal division dislugual westranto
• Mure xuca. Fu! afafine! Somea.

Lectures on Gender

• Gender, Age, * Social Status

• pants ot Africa (ugande, egypt)

• egypt maniul are 17000 yong Founk percuved yo have mide trauts 3 raised us" A pay Duersity in treatmennt in different contoats
• Au dupends on the udeas of culture. Two spurit-LGBTQ +Tws spurts enfudymennt 3 y de gindors residing in one parsen - to spring way he y -ut a muy dividud isnt necesarrity A was split

• summery deffenme whes un yhurang abaut now beraviry retuts to identity, cutwal cabayunes, or roles ginder is not unique weaten
• social construction de ts. hot always keen as a Social counthnt +3 youe youel at exist
• bex biloyical marauteristicy Gunder! cuterul expression expectations around sax chifference
• Hetersenvality +5 veru diverse cross Culturee computions
• communonalities auvene -Must ases, discusred priantice mole-hodded dividednels, most and gender globany cosmiloyical legatimbalion you birwy gender spiration you birany dinules
• Gerder. dyt tocial butus
• Not Just one coltesive areymenty tells stones fouged on wed youriences rattan mhen yentmalize