Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does self-esteem primarily reflect?
What does self-esteem primarily reflect?
- A person's overall sense of self-worth (correct)
- A person's level of intelligence
- A person's social popularity
- A person's overall ability to succeed
According to Carl Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization?
According to Carl Rogers, what is necessary for self-actualization?
- Maintaining social popularity
- Developing higher intelligence
- Achieving a state of congruence (correct)
- Maximizing personal success
How does the social comparison process help individuals?
How does the social comparison process help individuals?
- By evaluating oneself based on others (correct)
- By assisting with self-deception
- By assessing past achievements against expectations
- By focusing solely on personal strengths
What is a key characteristic of a person's ideal self?
What is a key characteristic of a person's ideal self?
Which motivation describes the desire to improve one's self-image?
Which motivation describes the desire to improve one's self-image?
What is the primary focus of downward social comparison?
What is the primary focus of downward social comparison?
In social comparison theory, what role does the past play in temporal comparison?
In social comparison theory, what role does the past play in temporal comparison?
Which of the following best defines reference group influence?
Which of the following best defines reference group influence?
What is the main focus of upward social comparison?
What is the main focus of upward social comparison?
Which statement best describes a highly motivated person regarding social comparison?
Which statement best describes a highly motivated person regarding social comparison?
What is the purpose of engaging in downward social comparison?
What is the purpose of engaging in downward social comparison?
Who is likely to engage in downward social comparison?
Who is likely to engage in downward social comparison?
How do cultural perspectives influence self-evaluation processes?
How do cultural perspectives influence self-evaluation processes?
What is a likely result of frequent upward social comparisons?
What is a likely result of frequent upward social comparisons?
Which factor generally influences the choice of reference group in social comparisons?
Which factor generally influences the choice of reference group in social comparisons?
What is the psychology behind an individual preferring upward comparisons?
What is the psychology behind an individual preferring upward comparisons?
What is passive downward comparison?
What is passive downward comparison?
How does self-evaluation differ from self-enhancement?
How does self-evaluation differ from self-enhancement?
What is the function of a reference group?
What is the function of a reference group?
What typically characterizes active downward comparison?
What typically characterizes active downward comparison?
Which of the following best describes self-enhancement?
Which of the following best describes self-enhancement?
Which of these scenarios illustrates downward social comparison?
Which of these scenarios illustrates downward social comparison?
What role does motivation play in self-evaluation?
What role does motivation play in self-evaluation?
Why might someone engage in active downward comparison?
Why might someone engage in active downward comparison?
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Study Notes
Two Modes of Social Comparison
- Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself with individuals perceived as better, often motivating improvement.
- Motivated individuals typically engage in upward comparisons, aiming to see themselves as equal or better than the highest standard.
- Downward social comparison entails comparing with those who are worse off, which can enhance self-esteem and feelings of competence.
Types of Downward Social Comparison
- Passive downward comparison: Reflects on preceding conditions; for instance, a low-performing student compares with a worse-performing peer.
- Active downward comparison: Involves derogating others to elevate one’s own status, making oneself feel superior by diminishing the target's worth.
Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement
- Self-evaluation seeks to identify positive traits by assessing oneself against the best comparisons.
- Self-enhancement is about recognizing personal improvement areas to reach a level comparable to the individual one admires.
Reference Group
- A reference group serves as a benchmark for individuals evaluating their behaviors and self-perception.
- Sociological definitions frame it as any group utilized for self-assessment.
Self-Esteem
- Describes an individual’s overall self-worth and value, reflecting personal appreciation.
- Regarded as a stable personality trait, self-esteem tends to remain constant over time.
Real and Ideal Self (Carl Rogers)
- An individual’s ideal self may conflict with real-life experiences, creating a disparity between aspirations and reality.
- Carl Rogers posits that achieving self-actualization requires maintaining congruence between one’s real and ideal self.
Social Comparison (Leon Festinger)
- Temporal comparison evaluates one's current state against past selves, assessing growth or change over time.
- Social comparison involves measuring oneself against others, utilizing peers as standards for self-evaluation.
Social Comparison Process
- Involves assessing one's attributes and performances relative to others, influencing self-perceptions and motivations.
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