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Questions and Answers
Human sex has acquired cultural dimensions influenced by ______ circumstances.
Human sex has acquired cultural dimensions influenced by ______ circumstances.
biological
Mating requires the two categories of animals: male and ______.
Mating requires the two categories of animals: male and ______.
female
Males and females have different ______ make-ups.
Males and females have different ______ make-ups.
chromosomal
Female egg cells contain only the ______ chromosomes.
Female egg cells contain only the ______ chromosomes.
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An XX combination produces a ______.
An XX combination produces a ______.
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The male provides ______ that fertilizes the female's egg cell.
The male provides ______ that fertilizes the female's egg cell.
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Most males and females have different secondary sex ______.
Most males and females have different secondary sex ______.
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During the first six weeks of life, male and female embryos look pretty much the ______.
During the first six weeks of life, male and female embryos look pretty much the ______.
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The presence of the Y chromosome triggers the production of male hormones by the male embryo's ______.
The presence of the Y chromosome triggers the production of male hormones by the male embryo's ______.
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The female gonad eventually develops into the future ______.
The female gonad eventually develops into the future ______.
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Hormones are secretions of the ______ glands.
Hormones are secretions of the ______ glands.
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Males produce more male hormones from puberty through sexual ______.
Males produce more male hormones from puberty through sexual ______.
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Some females may produce more ______ hormones than some males.
Some females may produce more ______ hormones than some males.
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Men tend to be taller and heavier-built than ______.
Men tend to be taller and heavier-built than ______.
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Disorders like hemophilia occur only in men and are linked to a mutant gene in one ______ chromosome.
Disorders like hemophilia occur only in men and are linked to a mutant gene in one ______ chromosome.
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There are more ______ conceived than females, but also more die from conception through all stages of life.
There are more ______ conceived than females, but also more die from conception through all stages of life.
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No one individual can be described as totally ______ or feminine.
No one individual can be described as totally ______ or feminine.
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The theory that ______ is the key factor in establishing individual gender identity seems to be validated by studies.
The theory that ______ is the key factor in establishing individual gender identity seems to be validated by studies.
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Intersexed individuals could be just as 'masculine' or 'feminine' in their behavior as people with all their ______ and chromosomes intact.
Intersexed individuals could be just as 'masculine' or 'feminine' in their behavior as people with all their ______ and chromosomes intact.
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Some intersexuals, raised as males or females, were eventually able to acquire the ______ gender.
Some intersexuals, raised as males or females, were eventually able to acquire the ______ gender.
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Higher male susceptibility to infectious diseases can be attributed to the same cause as ______ susceptibility.
Higher male susceptibility to infectious diseases can be attributed to the same cause as ______ susceptibility.
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Gender refers to the differentiated social roles and behaviors attributed by a given culture to ______ and men.
Gender refers to the differentiated social roles and behaviors attributed by a given culture to ______ and men.
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Women were perceived as 'naturally' inferior to ______.
Women were perceived as 'naturally' inferior to ______.
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Modern-day apologists claim that gender differences do not make for ______ at all.
Modern-day apologists claim that gender differences do not make for ______ at all.
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The 'sex-gender system' describes how a society is organized according to ______.
The 'sex-gender system' describes how a society is organized according to ______.
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Definitions of masculine and feminine often vary from one ______ and culture to another.
Definitions of masculine and feminine often vary from one ______ and culture to another.
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Some claim that these differences actually make for female ______.
Some claim that these differences actually make for female ______.
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A well-known sociologist claimed that the specialization of labor between the sexes is a mark of advanced ______.
A well-known sociologist claimed that the specialization of labor between the sexes is a mark of advanced ______.
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In some cultures, such as among the Zuni Indians, women are viewed as sexual ______.
In some cultures, such as among the Zuni Indians, women are viewed as sexual ______.
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Filipinos view construction work as 'heavy' labor fit only for ______.
Filipinos view construction work as 'heavy' labor fit only for ______.
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Gender expectations can vary in degree among different social ______ within the same ethnic group.
Gender expectations can vary in degree among different social ______ within the same ethnic group.
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In many societies, physical strength is less essential to the definition of maleness among the ______ and professional classes.
In many societies, physical strength is less essential to the definition of maleness among the ______ and professional classes.
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The double burden of work that many women carry poses additional hazards to their physical and mental ______.
The double burden of work that many women carry poses additional hazards to their physical and mental ______.
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Women's tendency to defer to men even in decisions involving the household or their personal ______ is significant.
Women's tendency to defer to men even in decisions involving the household or their personal ______ is significant.
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Filipino women are quite assertive compared to women of other ______ cultures.
Filipino women are quite assertive compared to women of other ______ cultures.
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Women tend to leave the speaking and the decisions to the ______ in meetings or gatherings.
Women tend to leave the speaking and the decisions to the ______ in meetings or gatherings.
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The lack of ______ between women is a significant obstacle to their liberation from gender subordination.
The lack of ______ between women is a significant obstacle to their liberation from gender subordination.
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The isolation of women within the home is not only physical but also ______.
The isolation of women within the home is not only physical but also ______.
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Some anthropologists refer to a 'patriarchal ______' where women voluntarily subordinate themselves to men.
Some anthropologists refer to a 'patriarchal ______' where women voluntarily subordinate themselves to men.
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Most Filipino boys do not have to worry about household ______ or the care of siblings.
Most Filipino boys do not have to worry about household ______ or the care of siblings.
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The basis of most gender ideology is biological ______.
The basis of most gender ideology is biological ______.
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Women are physically equipped to bear and nurse ______.
Women are physically equipped to bear and nurse ______.
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Biological determinism argues that the difference in men's and women's bodies results in a difference in their psychological ______.
Biological determinism argues that the difference in men's and women's bodies results in a difference in their psychological ______.
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A man's ______ must be hard and erect for coitus to take place.
A man's ______ must be hard and erect for coitus to take place.
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The vagina is described as being ______ from view and turned inwards.
The vagina is described as being ______ from view and turned inwards.
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According to this theory, male and female ______ are responsible for personality differences.
According to this theory, male and female ______ are responsible for personality differences.
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The argument is made that a woman's inner being must be involved in any sexual ______.
The argument is made that a woman's inner being must be involved in any sexual ______.
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In many dominant ______, God is often depicted as male.
In many dominant ______, God is often depicted as male.
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Understanding gender subordination requires understanding sex and gender.
- Sex and gender are distinct concepts, with implications for social and personal change.
- The paper defines sex and gender, exploring connections and their implications in contemporary Philippine society and social theory.
- The paper traces the development of gender to the present Philippine context and examines social institutions maintaining gender.
Sex: In the Biological Realm
- Sex is a biological term referring to the act of mating for biological reproduction.
- Biological sex includes biological reproduction and associated behavior like animal courtship rituals and human "foreplay."
- Sex describes two categories of organisms –male and female – needed for procreation, with the female producing the egg cell and the male providing the sperm.
- Chromosomes (X and Y) determine sex; XX for female and XY for male. Intersex individuals have a different chromosome makeup.
- Hormones, secreted by endocrine glands, influence primary and secondary sex characteristics. Males and females exhibit different secondary sex characteristics.
Gender: In the Social Realm
- Gender refers to differentiated social roles, behaviors, capacities, and characteristics attributed to men and women in a given culture.
- Gender arises from the biological differences of men and women in a society and how that culture views those differences.
- The concept of gender is often influenced by culture and varies across different cultural contexts.
- Gender is a social construct: society attributes different roles and characteristics to men and women.
- Gender roles are influenced by economic, political and social conditions.
Gender Subordination
- Gender has implications for equality between women and men, frequently viewed as women being inferior to men.
- Modern arguments reject the difference between men and women and claim men and women are equal.
- While women in many societies have greater influence in the household roles, men hold power in large social institutions.
- Gender and economic systems are associated (e.g., men are the "breadwinners" and women are "homemakers"), with implications for women's participation in public life.
- Gender and the political system are interlinked, with male dominance in positions of power.
- Societal stereotypes regarding gender roles limit personal and professional growth for both men and women.
- The subordination of women manifests in everyday life such as dress, behavior and access to resources.
Gender Ideology
- Gender ideology is the basis of biological determinism.
- Gender roles are justified by gender stereotypes.
- Society's view of gender is influenced by biological determinism.
- Socialization (through media, education, religion) reinforces gender stereotypes and gender roles.
Gender Ideology Demystified
- Biological determinism is challenged, as it is not proven that biological factors cause social roles between men and women.
- Biology can influence behavior, but social and environmental factors and socialization have more profound effects, even with varied biological differences.
Gender Subordination Through History
- The roots of gender subordination are traced through historical perspectives:
- Cultural constructions of gender roles.
- Historical development of socio-economic structures and their association with gender roles.
- Colonization eras' influence on contemporary gender roles.
Gender and Socialization
- Socialization is a significant factor in shaping gender identity.
- The early stages of a child's life are particularly influential in gender socialization.
- Gender socialization occurs through various institutions like family, education, religion, mass media, and language.
- Social factors, traditions, and expectations contribute to determining how genders are perceived and treated in society.
Language and Gender
- Language is one of the primary and subtle ways societies shape ideas about gender.
- Language reflects gendered norms and roles (e.g., use of “man” to refer to humankind).
- Societal language choices both reflect and perpetuate harmful and unfair gender norms and expectations.
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Description
This quiz explores the distinction between sex and gender, emphasizing their implications in contemporary Philippine society. It delves into the biological aspects of sex and the social institutions that maintain gender roles. Test your knowledge on these critical concepts and their impact on social change.
