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Questions and Answers
Which class of antihypertensive medications is most likely to cause hyperkalemia, especially when combined with potassium supplements or in patients with kidney problems?
Which class of antihypertensive medications is most likely to cause hyperkalemia, especially when combined with potassium supplements or in patients with kidney problems?
- Beta-blockers
- Potassium-sparing diuretics (correct)
- Thiazide diuretics
- Loop diuretics
A patient with hypertension, heart failure and diabetes is prescribed an antihypertensive medication. Which class of drugs would require careful monitoring due to its potential to affect potassium levels and interact with other medications?
A patient with hypertension, heart failure and diabetes is prescribed an antihypertensive medication. Which class of drugs would require careful monitoring due to its potential to affect potassium levels and interact with other medications?
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- ACE inhibitors (correct)
- Thiazide diuretics
Which antihypertensive medication is most likely to be administered intravenously (IV) to rapidly lower blood pressure during a hypertensive emergency?
Which antihypertensive medication is most likely to be administered intravenously (IV) to rapidly lower blood pressure during a hypertensive emergency?
- Thiazide diuretics
- Calcium channel blockers (correct)
- ARBs
- ACE inhibitors
A patient with a history of asthma is being considered for antihypertensive therapy. Which class of medication should be used with caution?
A patient with a history of asthma is being considered for antihypertensive therapy. Which class of medication should be used with caution?
Which medication used to treat respiratory conditions is known for making mucus watery but may trigger bronchospasm, making it unsuitable for patients with asthma?
Which medication used to treat respiratory conditions is known for making mucus watery but may trigger bronchospasm, making it unsuitable for patients with asthma?
A patient presents with fever, chills, a productive green sputum cough, and dyspnea. A chest X-ray reveals infiltrates in the lower respiratory tract. Which condition is most likely?
A patient presents with fever, chills, a productive green sputum cough, and dyspnea. A chest X-ray reveals infiltrates in the lower respiratory tract. Which condition is most likely?
Which of the following is a common mechanism of action for statin medications in treating hypercholesterolemia?
Which of the following is a common mechanism of action for statin medications in treating hypercholesterolemia?
Why are statin medications typically recommended to be taken at night?
Why are statin medications typically recommended to be taken at night?
A patient has abnormal levels of lipoproteins. Which condition is characterized by this imbalance, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk?
A patient has abnormal levels of lipoproteins. Which condition is characterized by this imbalance, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk?
Which of the following characterizes 'good' cholesterol (HDL) regarding its role in preventing atherosclerosis?
Which of the following characterizes 'good' cholesterol (HDL) regarding its role in preventing atherosclerosis?
Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and often associated with conditions like allergies and anaphylaxis?
Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and often associated with conditions like allergies and anaphylaxis?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves insoluble immune complexes and is associated with conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves insoluble immune complexes and is associated with conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to contribute directly to the development of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to contribute directly to the development of atherosclerosis?
Which symptom is a common adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors due to the inhibition of angiotensin I converting to angiotensin II?
Which symptom is a common adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors due to the inhibition of angiotensin I converting to angiotensin II?
Primary hypercholesterolemia is mainly attributed to which cause?
Primary hypercholesterolemia is mainly attributed to which cause?
Which of the following is a potential risk factor for secondary hypertension?
Which of the following is a potential risk factor for secondary hypertension?
A patient is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What is the primary mechanism by which this medication lowers blood pressure?
A patient is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What is the primary mechanism by which this medication lowers blood pressure?
What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension?
What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension?
Following an upper respiratory infection, a patient is experiencing persistent nasal congestion and stuffiness. Which medication class is most appropriate for relieving these symptoms?
Following an upper respiratory infection, a patient is experiencing persistent nasal congestion and stuffiness. Which medication class is most appropriate for relieving these symptoms?
A patient experiencing allergic rhinitis is looking for a medication to relieve their symptoms of sneezing, runny nose, and itching. Which class of medications is most appropriate for this patient?
A patient experiencing allergic rhinitis is looking for a medication to relieve their symptoms of sneezing, runny nose, and itching. Which class of medications is most appropriate for this patient?
Flashcards
Primary Hypertension
Primary Hypertension
Most common type, no identifiable cause (90-95% of cases).
Secondary Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Hypertension caused by an underlying condition, such as kidney disease or atherosclerosis.
Hypertensive Crisis
Hypertensive Crisis
Urgent or emergency elevation of blood pressure requiring immediate treatment.
Diuretics
Diuretics
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Thiazide Diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
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Beta Blockers
Beta Blockers
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ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors
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ARBs
ARBs
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Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
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Hypertensive Emergency
Hypertensive Emergency
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia
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Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
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Antihistamines
Antihistamines
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Antitussives
Antitussives
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Expectorants
Expectorants
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Mucolytics
Mucolytics
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Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia
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Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia
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Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
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Study Notes
- A set is a well-defined collection of objects, known as elements or members.
- Representing membership:
- $x \in A$ indicates element $x$ is a member of set $A$.
- $x \notin A$ indicates element $x$ is not a member of set $A$.
- $|A|$ denotes the number of elements in a finite set $A$.
Set Specification
- Sets are specified by listing elements within braces, separated by commas.
- Example: $A = {4, 5, 6 }$.
- Common sets:
- $\mathbb{N} = {1, 2, 3,...}$ (positive integers)
- $\mathbb{Z} = {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,...}$ (integers)
- $\mathbb{R}$ (real numbers)
Set Examples
- $A = {x \in \mathbb{R} : 0 \le x \le 1 }$ defines $A$ as the set of real numbers $x$ where $0 \le x \le 1$.
- $B = {x \in \mathbb{R} : x^2 - 3x + 2 = 0}$ simplifies to $B = {1, 2 }$.
Subsets
- $A \subseteq B$ means set $A$ is a subset of set $B$; every element of $A$ is also in $B$.
- $A \subset B$ means set $A$ is a proper subset of set $B$; $A$ is a subset of $B$ and $A \ne B$.
- {1, 3, 5} $\subseteq$ {5, 4, 3, 1} because every element in the first set is in the second.
- The empty set, denoted by $\phi$, holds no elements and is a subset of every set.
Set Equality
- Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements.
- $A = B$ if and only if $A \subseteq B$ and $B \subseteq A$.
Set Operations
- Union: $A \cup B = {x : x \in A \text{ or } x \in B}$ combines all elements from $A$ and $B$.
- Intersection: $A \cap B = {x : x \in A \text{ and } x \in B }$ includes elements present in both $A$ and $B$.
- Difference: $A - B = {x : x \in A \text{ and } x \notin B }$ contains elements in $A$ but not in $B$.
- Given $A = {1, 2, 3}$ and $B = {2, 3, 4}$:
- $A \cup B = {1, 2, 3, 4 }$
- $A \cap B = {2, 3 }$
- $A - B = {1 }$
- $B - A = {4 }$
- Given $A = {1, 2, 3}$ and $B = {2, 3, 4}$:
Power Set
- For a set $A$, the power set $P(A)$ is the set of all subsets of $A$.
- If $A = {a, b, c }$, then $P(A) = { \phi, {a }, {b }, {c }, {a,b }, {a,c }, {b,c }, {a,b,c } }$.
Functions
- A function from set $A$ to set $B$ assigns each element $x$ in $A$ to exactly one element $y$ in $B$, denoted as $f(x)$.
- Notation: $f: A \rightarrow B$
- $A$ is the domain of $f$.
- $B$ is the codomain of $f$.
- The range of $f$ is ${ f(x) : x \in A }$, which is a subset of the codomain.
Composition
- Given $f: A \rightarrow B$ and $g: B \rightarrow C$, the composition of $g$ and $f$, denoted $g \circ f: A \rightarrow C$, is defined as $(g \circ f)(x) = g(f(x))$ for all $x \in A$.
Types of Functions
- One-to-one (injective): $f(x_1) = f(x_2)$ implies $x_1 = x_2$.
- Onto (surjective): For every $y \in B$, there exists an $x \in A$ such that $f(x) = y$.
- One-to-one correspondence (bijective): $f$ is both one-to-one and onto.
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