Understanding Sentence Structure and Types

• Sentence analysis involves understanding the structure of sentences and words.

Sentence Structure

• A sentence is a group of meaningful words, occurring between two punctuation marks and expressing a complete meaning.
• Sentences are built from words arranged in a sequence.
• A sentence generally has two parts: a subject (the doer) and a predicate (defining the subject).
• The subject usually comes first in a sentence.

Types of Sentences

• Assertive: Makes a statement.
• Interrogative: Asks a question.
• Imperative: Expresses a command.
• Exclamatory: Expresses strong feeling.

Parts of Speech

• Noun: Used as the name of something.
• Adjective: Describes the qualities of a noun/pronoun, usually sits before the noun.
• Pronoun: Replaces a noun.
• Verb: Expresses an action.
• Adverb: Modifies an adjective, verb, or another adverb.
• Preposition: Links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words.
• Conjunction: Joins words or sentences.
• Interjection: Expresses sudden feeling.

Adverbs

• Time: Indicates when an action occurred (e.g., She'll be here soon).
• Manner: Describes how an action was performed (e.g., The soldiers fought bravely).
• Place: Indicates where an action occurred (e.g., Come here).
• Frequency: Indicates how often an action occurs (e.g., I normally go to the gym).
• Affirmation: Affirms a statement (e.g., Surely we will win today).
• Degree: Indicates the intensity of an action (e.g., I am fully prepared).
• Duration: Indicates for how long an action occurs (e.g., It has been raining for three hours).

Verb Types: Finite vs. Non-Finite

• Verb: Can be classified as finite or non-finite.
• Finite verbs: Change with tense, number, and person.
  • Act as a verb, such as in "I am writing a novel."
  • Serve as the main verb in a clause, as in "I live in Bangladesh."
  • Indicate person, number, and tense, for example, "She was waiting in the room before he came in."
  • Used in present and past tenses, such as "You promised me last time."
  • Appear in dependent and independent clauses, such as in "Jean said that he enjoyed painting."
• Non-finite verbs: Do not change with tense, number, and person.
  • Do not act as a verb.
  • Can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
  • Do not indicate person, number, and tense.
  • Examples include infinitives, gerunds, and participles.
  • Appear in infinitival, participial, and gerund-participle clauses.

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

• Finite verbs: Change according to tense, number, and person
• Non-finite verbs: Do not change.

Infinitives

• Infinitive: Verbal that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb, formed as (to + verb).
  • Example: "I love to play" (noun at object position)
  • Example: "To err is human" (noun at subject position).
  • Example: "The person to call in John" (like adjective).
  • Example: "I can't wait to see her" (like adverb).
• Bare Infinitive: Infinitive without the preposition "to," used after certain verbs like please, see, let, make, know, feel, hear, bid, behold, watch, need, and dare (e.g., Let him sit here).

Participles

• Participle: Word that is partly a verb and partly an adjective; also called a verbal adjective.
• Present Participle: Verb with "ing" acting like an adjective. It can also act like an adverb or noun (e.g., I found him carrying a bag).
• Past Participle: Verbs ending with "t", "d", "ed", or "en" act like adjectives (e.g., Don't eat rotten fish).
• Perfect Participle: Having + V3 (e.g., Having seen the police, the thief ran away).

Gerund

• Gerund: Verb with "ing" that functions as a noun.
  • It is also called verbal noun.
  • Examples: Reading is my hobby, Walking is a good exercise, Swimming is a good exercise.
• Gerund can be used as an object (e.g., I love traveling).
• Verbal adjective (acts like adjective, adverb, noun, or verb with auxiliaries)
• Verbal noun (Typically in subject or object position).

Phrases

• Phrase: Group of words without a complete sense, lacks a finite verb and/or a subject.
  • Acts as a small element of a sentence, or a single part of speech (noun, adj, adv).
  • Subject and Finite verb aren't together
• Phrase Examples:
  • The boys are playing in the field
• Phrases types:
  • Noun Phrase
  • Adjective Phrase
  • Verb Phrase
  • Adverb Phrase
  • Prepositional Phrase
  • Conjunction Phrase
  • Interjection Phrase

Noun Phrase

• Function as a subject of a verb. Examples:
  • A little girl has phoned me (verb এর আগে বসে) বসে.
  • To swim is a good exercise. Example:
  • Noun phrase as object or complement of a verb:
  • I want the blue pencil (verb এর পরে বসে) বসে

Noun phrase as prepositional object

• Example: The pen on the box is expensive (prep এর পরে বসে)বসে

Noun phrase as apposition of a noun

• Example: Shakib, our captain is playing well

Noun phrase between two prepositions

• Example: The leader was attacked by the poor people of this village

Adjective Phrase

• Functions to modify a noun
  • The man with his brother came here (Noun এর ঠিক আগে বা পরে prep + noun দ্বারা শুরু) -We found the boy sitting on the bench.

Verb Phrase

• Serve as the verb (verb হিসেবে কাজ করে)
• She gave up her only hope (sub থাকে না)

Prepositional phrase

• Starts with a preposition & ends with a noun or a pronoun
• May work in the sentence like an adjective or an adverb

Conjunction Phrase

• Is one or more words working as a conjunction (এক বা একাধিক words যখন conjunction হিসেবে কাজ করে)
• Includes “so that”, “as if”, “as well as” etc.

Interjection Phrase

• Expresses emotion such as happiness, sadness, hate etc (যে phrase দ্বারা আবেগ বোঝায়)

Infinitive Phrase

• Consists of (to + verb)

Adverbial Phrase

– modifies a verb.

• Can indicates ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘how’, ‘why’, ‘how much’, etc.

Clause

• Clause (Group of words with a subject and finite verb)
• Types Include:
  • Independent / Principal clause (Makes sense by itself)
  • Dependent / Subordinate clause (Relies on another clause)
  • Co-ordinate clause

Clause Examples:

• If you worked hard, you could shine
• As he knows English, he will get a good job

Subordinate Clause

• Functions as:
  • Noun
  • Adjective
  • Adverb

Noun Clause

• Position (As sub, obj / complement, or prepositions object).
• The news that my mom is coming is not true
  • Example: what he said is not correct

Adjective Clause

• Describes a Noun (Modifies a noun)
  • Example: Rupa who lives in Jessore is my friend

Adverbial Clause

• Modifies the verb
  • Example : though, although , after
• **

Sentence Structures

• Simple: One principal clause
• Complex : Minimum two clauses (principal and sub coordinate )
• Compound At least two principal clause and co ordinate conjunction

Determiners

• Indicate person or items, and their number - quantity
• Articles
• Demonstratives
• Possessive
• Quantifiers
• Numerals

Modifiers

• Modify other words or groups of words by acting as an adjective or an adverb

Head Word

• The subject

Complement

• Give details about the subject
• Types include subjective and objective complements

Notes

• The provided information includes sentence identification, structure with exams etc.