Understanding Risk and Its Types

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the new asset value per share after a 20% growth in trust assets?

  • £1.119
  • £1.479
  • £1.839 (correct)
  • £1.20

What is the impact of increased gearing on asset value fluctuations?

  • It has no effect on asset values.
  • It stabilizes asset values.
  • It amplifies both growth and declines. (correct)
  • It reduces the overall risk.

What is a common method for investors to manage liquidity in their investments?

  • Investing solely in shares
  • Investing via collective funds (correct)
  • Investing in illiquid assets directly
  • Avoiding any form of cash reserves

How is volatility in investments typically measured?

<p>By standard deviation from average or benchmark return. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of investments might have a deferred payment period for investors?

<p>Property unit trusts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk for savers in variable-rate accounts?

<p>Interest rates may decrease over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would the NAV be if the asset value falls by 20%?

<p>£1.119 per share (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy can investors use to combat inflation risk?

<p>Seek investments that provide a real return over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would the asset value amount to after a £210,000 interest payment on £21.6m?

<p>£21.39m (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by higher volatility in an investment?

<p>Higher risk of fluctuating performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may happen to a fixed-rate savings account if interest rates increase?

<p>The account may yield a lower rate relative to the market (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the company had not borrowed, what would the NAV be after a 20% fall in asset value?

<p>£1.20 per share (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual saves £1,000 in a non-interest-bearing account for five years with an average inflation rate of 2.1%, what is the future purchasing power?

<p>£902 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might impose a penalty on accessing funds in certain investments?

<p>Fixed rates that penalize early withdrawals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 24.3% change in NAV signify when assets increase or decrease?

<p>It shows the risk associated with gearing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be impacted by interest risk for retirees relying on their savings?

<p>Lower interest earnings when market rates fall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive alpha of +1 percent indicate about the share's performance?

<p>The share has outperformed its expected return. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the future value of £1 after one year if invested at a rate of 5%?

<p>£1.05 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an individual prefer to receive money now rather than later?

<p>Invested money can generate returns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Jon repays his £10,000 interest-free debt now, what does he forgo?

<p>The chance to earn 3% interest on his capital. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the ability to convert a lump sum of future payments into an equivalent value today?

<p>Time value of money (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If £1.05 is promised to be received in 12 months, what is its present value assuming a 5% return?

<p>£1.00 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing future investment returns, which factor should be considered alongside alpha and beta?

<p>Company or fund strategy changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does calculating present and future value help an investor determine?

<p>The feasibility of repaying debt early. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the equity risk premium?

<p>The additional return expected from holding a risky asset over a risk-free asset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk is Daphne exposed to with her investment in shares and savings in a building society?

<p>Market risk due to concentration in telecom shares. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Blatant plc shares have an expected return of 12% and a standard deviation of 15%, and Subtle plc shares have an expected return of 8% with a standard deviation of 12%, which share is more volatile?

<p>Blatant plc shares, due to higher standard deviation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of data is expected to fall within one standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution?

<p>68% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure indicates whether an investment's risk is justified by its return?

<p>Sharpe Ratio. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a share has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 15%, what is the range of returns you would expect roughly 95% of the time?

<p>-20% to +40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a fund with a beta of 1.2, short-term interest rates of 3%, and a benchmark rise of 7%, what is the expected return?

<p>10.4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a beta factor of 1 indicate about an investment?

<p>The investment moves in line with the benchmark. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To meet a target of £15,000 in nine years at a 7% growth rate, how much should Harry invest today?

<p>Approximately £9,880. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding a beta factor greater than 1?

<p>The investment fluctuates more widely, indicating higher risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected range of returns for Blatant plc shares 68% of the time, given an expected return of 12% and standard deviation of 15%?

<p>Between -3% and 27%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For regular investments of £600 every year for 10 years at a growth rate of 6%, which of the following is a correct calculation of the future value?

<p>Approximately £10,450. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of calculating the alpha of an investment?

<p>To compare the level of return relative to the risk taken. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is beta significant to investors considering volatility?

<p>It helps assess how much an investment's price will move compared to the market. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an investment has a beta close to 0, what does this imply?

<p>The investment has minimal connection to market fluctuations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should investors consider when determining the level of risk to take?

<p>The potential total return including capital gains and dividends. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main risks associated with investing in building society accounts?

<p>The risk of missing out on higher potential returns from other investments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the time frame of investment and its impact on risk?

<p>The risk of investing in stocks is higher over shorter periods than longer periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'equity risk premium' (ERP)?

<p>The higher return expected for taking on the risk of investing in equities compared to bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, what is a key consideration when recommending an investment to a client?

<p>The client's investment objectives and time horizon for the investment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid reason why asset-backed investments may be more suitable for long-term investments?

<p>Asset-backed investments are generally more liquid than deposit-based investments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an asset-backed investment as mentioned in the text?

<p>Shares (stocks) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why building societies are considered generally safe investments?

<p>They protect the capital invested and add interest to it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the risk and the time horizon of an investment?

<p>The shorter the time horizon, the higher the potential for return, but also for loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liquidity

The ease of converting an asset into cash without affecting its price.

Illiquid Assets

Assets that are not easily convertible to cash, like venture capital trusts.

Access to Funds

The ability of an investor to retrieve their investment money promptly.

Fixed-term Investments

Investments that do not allow access to funds until a specified term ends.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interest Risk

The risk of fluctuating interest rates affecting savings and investments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflation Risk

The risk that inflation will erode the real value of cash over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Real Return

The return on an investment adjusted for inflation, reflecting true purchasing power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penalty for Early Withdrawal

A charge deducted if funds are accessed before the investment term ends.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investment Risk

The potential loss of invested capital or low returns.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Time Factor in Investment

The impact of investment duration on risk and return.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Building Society Investments

Low-risk investments that secure the capital and provide low interest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stock Market Volatility

Fluctuations in stock prices making short-term investments riskier.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asset-Backed Investments

Investments whose value is supported by underlying assets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflation Protection

Investments that keep pace with inflation over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deposit-Based Investments

Low-risk, short-term investments suitable for immediate needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Equity Risk Premium (ERP)

The extra return from equities over low-risk investments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Net Asset Value (NAV)

The value of trust assets minus liabilities, usually calculated per share.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gearing

The use of borrowed money to increase investment exposure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asset Growth

Increase in value of assets over time, often expressed in percentage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Volatility

Measure of how much the value of an investment fluctuates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Standard Deviation

A statistical measure that shows the spread of values around the average.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interest Payments

Costs incurred from borrowing money, calculated on the loan amount.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Loss in Value

Decrease in the worth of assets, often due to market changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alpha

A measure of an investment's performance relative to a benchmark index, indicating excess return.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Alpha

A situation where the investment return exceeds the benchmark return, often represented as a positive number.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Time Value of Money

The concept that money available now is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Future Value (FV)

The value of an investment at a specific date in the future, considering interest or returns accrued.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Present Value (PV)

The current worth of a future sum of money or a series of cash flows at a specific interest rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investment Compensation

The extra return required to justify delaying the receipt of money or to compensate for risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Debt Repayment Decision

Evaluating whether to pay off debt now or invest the funds, considering potential interest earnings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lump Sum Investment Calculation

The process of determining how much money needs to be invested today to reach a future financial goal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Distribution

A statistical distribution where data is symmetrically distributed around the mean.

Signup and view all the flashcards

68-95-99 Rule

In a normal distribution, 68% of data falls within 1 SD, 95% within 2 SD, and nearly 100% within 3 SD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Standard Deviation (SD)

A measure that indicates the amount of variability or dispersion in a set of values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta

A measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta Factor 1

Indicates a holding moves in line with the market or benchmark.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta Factor Over 1

Indicates a holding is more volatile and riskier than the benchmark.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta Factor Below 1

Indicates a holding is less volatile and safer than the benchmark.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Income Growth

Increase in earnings generated by investments over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capital Growth

Increase in the value of an asset over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-term Volatility

Frequent price fluctuations in the short term.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-term Investment Performance

Overall returns of investments measured over a long period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systematic Risk

The risk inherent to the entire market or sector.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-systematic Risk

Risk unique to a specific company or industry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investment Beta

A measure of the volatility of an investment compared to the market.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Investment Alpha

The excess return of an investment relative to the return of a benchmark index.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Risk

  • Risk is the possibility of something harmful or damaging occurring, leading to loss.
  • Risk is associated with the probability of an adverse event occurring.
  • Risk is defined as the possible variation in an outcome from what is expected.
  • Risk involves uncertainty about future events.
  • Risk is about variability because future events cannot be predicted with certainty.
  • Risk relates to expectations of what will happen.
  • Risk arises because actual events might differ from intended or expected results.
  • Risk can never be eliminated, it can only be reduced.

Types of Risk

  • Investment risk: probability of achieving or failing to achieve expected return
  • Operational risk: losses due to inadequate processes, systems, or external factors
  • Business risk/reputational risk: company’s exposure to factors affecting profit
  • Capital risk: risk of losing the original investment.
  • Income risk: reduction in investment income (e.g., declining interest rates, reduced dividends).
  • Shortfall risk: investment failing to meet expectations.
  • Liquidity and access risk: inability to convert investment into cash quickly.
  • Interest risk: impact of interest rate fluctuations on investment value.
  • Inflation risk: reduction in purchasing power of cash or investments due to inflation.
  • Currency risk: fluctuations in exchange rates impacting investment value.
  • Systemic risk: risk that failures in one part of a system can affect other parts.
  • Non-systematic risk: risk particular to a specific business or sector.
  • Gearing: using borrowed funds for investment, amplifying both returns and losses.

Volatility

  • Volatility measures how a share or fund's value fluctuates against previous performance, sector averages or benchmarks.
  • Standard deviation is a method measuring how much a set of values differ from the average.
  • Lower volatility = lower risk.
  • High volatility = higher risk.

Beta and Alpha

  • Beta: measures how a share or fund's value fluctuates compared to the overall market (or benchmark).
    • Beta of 1: moves in line with the benchmark
    • Beta greater than 1: more volatile than the benchmark
    • Beta less than 1: less volatile than the benchmark
  • Alpha: measures an investment's return compared to its risk-adjusted expected return.
    • Positive alpha: investment performs better than expected, given the risk.
    • Negative alpha: investment performs worse than expected.

Time Value of Money

  • Money available today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to potential earning capacity.
  • Compounding is the process of calculating future values.
  • Discounting is the opposite of compounding, calculating present values of future sums.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser