Understanding Puranas and Upa-Puranas
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for the formal consecration of an image in worship?

  • Puja
  • Pranam
  • Prana-pratishtha (correct)
  • Pralaya

    • Which aspect of Shiva is most prominently represented in the Nataraja depiction?

  • His dance of creation and destruction (correct)
  • His marital life
  • His wisdom and enlightenment
  • His role as a creator

    • What does the linga represent in Hindu iconography?

  • Fertility and creation (correct)
  • The philosopher's stone
  • The cosmic cycle
  • The path to enlightenment

    • Which image depicts Vishnu as Tri-vikrama?

    <p>Vishnu with one leg raised high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of images, what is primarily offered to the icons during daily worship rituals?

    <p>Food and sweetmeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Shiva does the flame in his Nataraja icon symbolize?

    <p>Purification and annihilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which narrative element is commonly depicted in icons of Hindu deities?

    <p>Myths and stories of their avatars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature differentiates the representations of Shiva and Vishnu?

    <p>Appearance of matted hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the images of deities treated after prana-pratishtha?

    <p>Like living beings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant transition occurred in religious patronage in eastern regions of Bengal during the 13th century?

    <p>End of patronage for Vaishnavism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deity is typically depicted with a cobra as a symbol of fertility?

    <p>Shiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what historical context did the Sena rulers support Vaishnavism?

    <p>During the Pala Empire's dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Vishnu’s iconography is typically represented by the conch he holds?

    <p>Cosmic sound and order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Puranas?

    <p>To establish and popularize the authority of the Vedas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which text mentions Puranas in a list of different kinds of wisdom?

    <p>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Puranas, how many are they said to be?

    <p>Eighteen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context is the term 'itihasa' mentioned in relation to Puranas?

    <p>Alongside the Puranas in lists of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following persons is often regarded as the chief narrator of the Puranas?

    <p>Lomaharshana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge faced the Brahmanical social order during the early medieval period?

    <p>Competition from local traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What status do the Puranas claim in relation to the Vedas?

    <p>They are considered the fifth Veda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the divine origin of the Puranas?

    <p>Both Atharva Veda and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad imply divine origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role did the Upa-puranas serve in the social and religious history of India?

    <p>They served as records from the Gupta period onwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Upa-puranas are traditionally recognized in Puranic records?

    <p>Eighteen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was suggested as the reason for the emergence of Upa-puranas?

    <p>The inadequacy of the original Puranas to contemporary requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Upa-puranas is identifiable with regional tradition?

    <p>Vaishnava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend in the development of Vaishnavism is signified by the fusing of two deities?

    <p>Assimilation of local gods into the Vishnu pantheon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which period did the predominance of Vishnu in Vaishnavism start to emerge significantly?

    <p>Fourth-fifth centuries CE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of Upa-puranas compared to the main Puranas?

    <p>They address local cults and sects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following texts discussed the characteristics of Puranas and did not mention Upa-puranas?

    <p>Amarakosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Pancharatra' refer to in the context of Narayana?

    <p>A specific sacrifice related to Narayana worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the spread of Vaishnavism relate to earlier texts such as the Mahabharata?

    <p>It derived many of its concepts from earlier deities mentioned in the epics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the narrative, how is Narayana classically understood in the context of Vedic texts?

    <p>As a non-Vedic divinity who gained supremacy through rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the early depictions of Vishnu in the Vedic corpus?

    <p>As a solar god depicted in action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant phase marked the beginning of Vaishnavism?

    <p>The compilation of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the evolution of the Vaishnava tradition?

    <p>A gradual integration that respected local and sectarian diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Pancharatra system compared to Vedic traditions?

    <p>It promotes initiation regardless of descent or class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sect is distinguished from the Pancharatras by their adherence to Vedic traditions?

    <p>Vaikhanasas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bhagavat' come to signify as societal structures transformed?

    <p>A transcendent god with whom one has a subordinate relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect did the Pancharatra sect diverge from later Bhagavatism?

    <p>By disregarding varna distinctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Krishna assume in the Mahabharata as depicted in the early sections compared to later depictions?

    <p>A divine counselor involved heavily in human affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sattra as described in Shatapatha Brahmana with respect to Pancharatra?

    <p>A communal sacrifice where participants act as their own priests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is suggested to have merged cults with Krishna-Vasudeva over time?

    <p>Non-Vedic Narayana traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the basis of the Vaikhanasa sect's worship methods?

    <p>Continuation of Vedic traditions with a focus on temple worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurs regarding the worship of Narayana in the emerging sects?

    <p>Integration with Vedic deities like Vishnu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rudra's unique treatment compared to other divinities in the Rigveda?

    <p>A ball of food was thrown on the ground for him.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Shiva's nature can be traced back to Rudra?

    <p>Shiva's complex, ambivalent features including anger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Shiva’s nature is reflected in his connection to Agni according to the content?

    <p>The heat of asceticism and creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Pashupatas known for in their worship of Shiva?

    <p>Imitating wild animals and engaging in ecstatic practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the recognition of Krishna change from the fourth century B.C. to the formation of the Mahabharata?

    <p>From a local hero to a significant figure in a religious epic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one feature unique to the Venkateshvara temples associated with the Vaikhanasa?

    <p>Exclusive use of Sanskrit in rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did the orthodox Pashupatas attempt to modify the practices of heterodox worshippers?

    <p>They sought to make their practices more publicly acceptable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relationship between the Bhagavata and Narayana shift with time?

    <p>It shifts from shared wealth to a model of subordination and devotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant trait distinguishes the goddess Devi from the goddesses of the Vedic pantheon?

    <p>Devi embodies various specific goddesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rituals are described in Pashupata texts as necessary for the aspirant seeking liberation?

    <p>Symbolic gestures replacing original actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Pashupatas' refer to in the context of the Pancharatra?

    <p>A sect that operates outside Brahmanical traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kapalika sect is primarily characterized by their association with which of the following?

    <p>Licentiousness and the skull as a symbol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Shiva perceived through the lens of contrasting characteristics?

    <p>As a figure that embodies the reconciliation of opposites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Shiva's worship does not relate to the activities conducted by Pashupatas?

    <p>Practicing abstinence from all pleasures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Shaktism' refer to in the context of the Puranic texts?

    <p>Cult worship associated with power of the Goddess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Shiva is illustrated through the myth of Daksha's yajna?

    <p>His exclusion from orthodox sacrifice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by evidence of goddess worship predating the Vedic period?

    <p>Goddesses had distinct identities and roles within their communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practices of the Kapalikas are primarily associated with which kind of actions?

    <p>Ritual behavior linked to licentious and violent acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant status change did Pandharpur undergo between 1189 CE and 1237 CE?

    <p>It changed from a palli to a mahagrama.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new title was given to the deity Viththal in the 12th century CE in Pandharpur?

    <p>Viththaldevanayaka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What denotes the first phase of the epigraphic context pertaining to Viththal?

    <p>Mention of Pandharpur as a palli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynasty is closely linked with the remarkable changes in the status of Pandharpur?

    <p>Yadava Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Viththal, which tradition is least pronounced at the cult center in Pandharpur?

    <p>Pastoral tradition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major infrastructure change occurred in Pandharpur between 1273-1277 CE?

    <p>Erection of a grand Yadava temple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the second phase of the cult of Viththal at Pandharpur?

    <p>Conclusive evidence about the deity's worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase best summarizes the relationship between dynasties and local cults in the context provided?

    <p>Dynasties integrated local traditions into their rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reference to Viththal as the 24th avatar of Vishnu suggest?

    <p>The deity's universal acceptance among different sects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What denotes the last phase in the evolution of Pandharpur from a palli to a pura?

    <p>Construction of various temples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the unique relationship between deities and dynastic support in Pandharpur?

    <p>Support for deities came from independent sects, complicating loyalties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inscription referred to the settlement of Pandharpur as a mahagrama?

    <p>Hoysala inscription from 1237 CE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did local traditions impact the consolidation of the Viththal cult?

    <p>They integrated multiple deities into a singular narrative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the pastoral tradition concerning Viththal?

    <p>To provide stories of familial bonds among local deities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enabled the Kathmandu Valley to become a melting pot of Hinduism and Buddhism?

    <p>The interactions and migrations through Himalayan passes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement began as a reaction to orthodox Brahmanical religion in the far south of India?

    <p>Devotional (bhakti) worship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did bhakti poets challenge the orthodoxy of Brahmanical religion?

    <p>By emphasizing low caste respectability and local traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the rise of bhakti movements in medieval India?

    <p>Massacres and conflicts between different religious sects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Shankaracharya play in the context of medieval religious practices?

    <p>He synthesized Tamil devotional poetry with Brahmanical philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural development characterized the medieval kingdoms of Gujarat and Rajasthan?

    <p>The patronage of Jainism alongside Hindu practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prominent cultural feature remained even as Shiva and Vishnu worship gained prominence in the peninsula?

    <p>Jains being essential to merchant communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the success of the cult of Viththal in Pandharpur?

    <p>Support from new political elites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common feature of Jain temple worship during the medieval period?

    <p>Integration of Hindu-Jain marriages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the bhakti movement's view on caste?

    <p>It promoted equality and respect regardless of caste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynasty is mentioned as having transitioned in their religious patronage practices?

    <p>Caulukyas supporting Jain communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did Arab Muslim settlements have on the coastal regions of India?

    <p>They received patronage from non-Muslim rulers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events is associated with the gradual rise of bending cultural and religious practices?

    <p>Merging of local and imported religious sentiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the social structure affect devotional practices in medieval South India?

    <p>Devotional practices allowed for mass participation regardless of caste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about the inscriptions found in Pandharpur?

    <p>They documented the evolution of the cult and its patronage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Purana is known to have references to Taimur Lang and Akbar?

    <p>Bhavishya Purana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'sarga' refer to in the context of the Puranas?

    <p>Creation of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which centuries was the main composition of extant Puranic texts believed to have begun?

    <p>Fourth - fifth centuries CE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the constant revisions of the Puranas?

    <p>Changing societal norms and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five defining marks of the Puranas?

    <p>Puja</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the developments of rites and customs described in the Puranas?

    <p>Two main developmental phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was classified as 'duracharah' in various smriti texts?

    <p>Shaivas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'vamshanucharita' signify?

    <p>Successor of ruling families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant societal change influenced the evolution of the Puranas?

    <p>Increasing political power of casteless foreigners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religious practice began to challenge Brahmanical religion around the fifth century CE?

    <p>Tantricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two sets of Brahmanas made efforts to reassert Vedic authority?

    <p>Orthodox and heterodox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'pratisarga' refer to in the context of the Puranas?

    <p>Destruction and re-formation of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Grihyasutras play in the context of Puranic revisions?

    <p>They espoused household rites to emphasize sacrifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Brahmadeva Rana play in the Yadava administration by CE 1305?

    <p>He served as the Sarvadhikari of Mandesa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influence did the Hoysala kingdom experience concerning the Yadavas?

    <p>Suffered a setback in military power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'tirtha' in the context of pilgrimage?

    <p>It refers to a sacred crossing or ford.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temple construction symbolize human anatomy?

    <p>Different parts are named after bodily organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connection is drawn between the concept of image worship and Vedic yajna?

    <p>Image worship is seen as a superior alternative to yajna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation is made about the location of temples in relation to spiritual journeys?

    <p>Temples are often positioned at high altitudes to symbolize elevation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Yadava polity, what does the term 'cult assimilation' refer to?

    <p>Integrating local traditions into the state religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary material used for building temples during the significant early medieval period?

    <p>Perishable materials that are now lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of early medieval assimilation is highlighted through temple networks?

    <p>Religious patronage extended to local communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the 'garbhagriha' hold within a temple's structure?

    <p>It is the innermost sanctum for the deity's image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the architectural aspect of a temple commonly represent in relation to consciousness?

    <p>The doors symbolize the passage through different states of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the transformation of sacred space from a temporary place of sacrifice to a temple?

    <p>A temple is seen as a permanent space for divine worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common practice reflects spiritual purification before entering a temple?

    <p>Bathing in a sacred pond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mathura and Ayodhya as tirthas?

    <p>They are places where avataras are believed to descend.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'mokshada'?

    <p>A bestower of liberation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mahatmyas play in the context of tirthas?

    <p>They are hymns of praise that recount stories of tirthas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pithas is correct?

    <p>They are believed to represent various parts of the Goddess Sati's body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relationship between Krishna and Arjuna in the Bhagavadgita differ from that in the Tamil bhakti poems?

    <p>Krishna speaks more as a supreme deity in the Bhagavadgita.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the root 'bhaj' imply in the context of bhakti?

    <p>To divide, share, or obtain as one's share.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the jyotirlinga concept related to Shiva?

    <p>It is believed to display Shiva's form of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city is referred to as 'mokshaprakashika'?

    <p>Banaras</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurred in the understanding of bhakti from the Bhagavadgita to Tamil bhakti movements?

    <p>Shift from passive to active expression of devotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best encapsulates the essence of bhakti?

    <p>A personal emotional connection with a chosen deity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered one of the sapta puris?

    <p>Kolkata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the early Bhakti movements in South India?

    <p>Promoting the worship of personal deities like Shiva and Vishnu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Kashi described in relation to its significance?

    <p>A representation of light that signifies liberation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the relationship between the devotee and deity entail in bhakti literature?

    <p>The devotee articulates emotions similar to those found in romantic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant social challenge posed by the marriage between a former brahmana and an ex-outcaste?

    <p>It was a direct challenge to caste-based societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Virashaiva saints express their devotion compared to traditional practices?

    <p>Via lyrical poetry known as vacanas that anyone could engage with.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the jangamas play in the Virashaiva community?

    <p>They served as the officiating priests for various rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Tantrism influence religious practice across different traditions?

    <p>It incorporates elements of various religious practices for worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a foundational aspect of Tantric practice?

    <p>The initiation process and mantra transmission by the guru.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the yantra represent in Tantric meditation?

    <p>A diagram symbolizing cosmic energy and divine connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Basavanna's followers contribute to the broader spiritual landscape?

    <p>By initiating a legacy that questioned established religious conventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks a key difference between the practices of the Virashaivas and mainstream Hinduism?

    <p>The rejection of priestly rituals and caste distinctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of anubhaava signify in Virashaiva belief?

    <p>A divine experience that transcends caste and gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect characterizes the role of the guru within the context of Tantrism?

    <p>The guru facilitates the connection to cosmic energy through initiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What language did the Nayanars and Alvars choose to compose their hymns in, contrasting with traditional Sanskrit?

    <p>Tamil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a typical yantra in Tantric practice?

    <p>A design representing the convergence of divine energy centered around a point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the relationship between bhaktas and the brahmana temple establishment as depicted in Tiruppanalvar's story?

    <p>Tension existed but was resolved by devotion to God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Tantrism view the nature of divinity as expressed through yantras?

    <p>Divinity is fragmented into various male and female aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attributes were historically associated with the Goddess before they were divided among separate deities in many cultures?

    <p>Power over life, death, and sexuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the literary tradition of Tamil compared to Sanskrit in the context of bhakti literature?

    <p>It included both oral and folk traditions, accessible to all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legacy did Basavanna leave regarding religious and social conventions?

    <p>A tradition of questioning established norms and encouraging inclusivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Alvars and Nayanars were brahmana and kshatriya men, indicating their dominance in the movement?

    <p>Around seventy percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between Tantrism and the established traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism?

    <p>Tantrism extracts and reinterprets elements from both traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Indian perspective on the Goddess differ from that in the western world?

    <p>The veneration of goddesses has never ceased in India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Mahadevi' signify in the context of Durga's representation?

    <p>Her multifaceted nature as a singular Goddess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best encapsulates the thematic essence of Appar’s hymns?

    <p>Inclusion of all, regardless of caste or social status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which text is the Devi Mahatmya found, and what aspect does it detail?

    <p>Markandeya Purana, detailing the Goddess's birth and exploits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event in Tiruppanalvar's story suggests a transformation of perception regarding low-caste individuals?

    <p>The low-caste devotee being lifted by a brahmana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the story of Tiruppanalvar illustrate the broader message of Tamil bhakti literature?

    <p>It underscores that sincere devotion surpasses social identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Durga's association with the Vindhya mountains in brahmanical texts?

    <p>It highlights her connection to hostile tribal groups and dangerous terrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following qualities is NOT associated with Durga in the Devi Mahatmya?

    <p>Submissive motherhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for the shift from Sanskrit to Tamil in the context of bhakti expressions?

    <p>Sanskrit was associated only with elite rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did religious figures like Tiruppanalvar play in the transformation of Tamil religious culture?

    <p>They challenged the temple priest's authority publicly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of Durga's origin story as per traditional narratives?

    <p>She was manifested through the collective energies of the male gods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute does Durga NOT possess according to her representations?

    <p>Substantial power to nurture and care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Tamil bhakti literature serve as a platform for communal gatherings?

    <p>By singing hymns that attracted large crowds of devotees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some renditions of Durga's story, what reaction do her male opponents have toward her?

    <p>They wish to marry her after being mesmerized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hagiographical account of Tiruppanalvar suggest tensions in caste dynamics?

    <p>It shows the initial reluctance of low-caste individuals towards high-caste interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Vishnu's interaction with Tiruppanalvar signifies a breakthrough in religious interaction?

    <p>His active involvement in elevating a low-caste individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symbolizes Durga’s ultimate victory over her adversaries according to her mythology?

    <p>Her warfare methodologies and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Appar's tribute to all Shiva-bhaktas, including the 'foul pulaiyan', convey about Tamil bhakti?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Kali' refer to in relation to Durga?

    <p>One of Durga's transformed forms arising from her.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the importance of the eighth-century text Gaudavaho in relation to the Goddess?

    <p>It showcases the individual identities of multiple goddesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does blood and meat play in the context of Goddess worship in India?

    <p>They are included as offerings to certain forms of the Goddess like Durga.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Hinduism's organizational structure contribute to the worship of the Goddess?

    <p>It allowed for a diverse expression of religious beliefs and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophy does Kashmir Shaivism emphasize regarding the identity of individual souls and the Absolute?

    <p>They are identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Virashaivism differ from other Shaivite schools in terms of its treatment of the Linga?

    <p>It is worn on the body as a symbol of divinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the ultimate reality in Virashaivism?

    <p>Sthala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which goddess is primarily associated with Shaktism as the embodiment of power?

    <p>Uma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant feature characterizes the philosophy of Virashaivism compared to other Shaivite philosophies?

    <p>It rejects the doctrine of rebirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which text is associated with the early development and significance of Durga worship?

    <p>Markandeya Purana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Shakti play in relationship to Shiva according to Virashaivism?

    <p>Shiva and Shakti represent different aspects of the same unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the belief regarding the individual soul within the framework of Virashaivism?

    <p>It is bound by impurities and connected to Para-Shiva.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical context contributed to the emergence of Shaktism in medieval times?

    <p>Growing reverence for feminine power and local goddesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Diksha' signify in the context of Virashaivism?

    <p>An initiation process for liberation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which narrative illustrates Devi as the protector of dharma through her battles during medieval times?

    <p>Devi-mahatmya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best characterizes the cosmological evolution in Shaktism?

    <p>The Great Mother birthed all significant deities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the worship of Durga seen in contrast to traditional brahmanical practices?

    <p>It integrates animal sacrifices as an expression of devotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the narrative of Devi's fight with Mahisasura signify?

    <p>The embodiment of power triumphing over chaos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role did the Alvars and Nayanars play in the Tamil bhakti movement?

    <p>They created a network of pilgrimages and hymns unifying sacred places associated with their deities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary distinguishing feature of the Virashaiva movement founded by Basavanna?

    <p>The belief in personal devotion without intermediaries, symbolized by wearing a personal linga.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following observations about the social stratification of the bhakti movement is correct?

    <p>The movement included contributions from various social strata but was not solely a lower-class movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism of Buddhism and Jainism is evident in the hymns of the Alvars and Nayanars?

    <p>They rejected self-mortification and the 'false doctrines' of both religions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which South Indian kingdom is noted for its early temple construction and support of Shaivism?

    <p>The Pallavas, who initiated stone temple building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Agamic' refer to in the context of early Tamil bhakti?

    <p>Traditional choices about religious rituals and iconography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Basavanna's vachanas?

    <p>Expressing devotion to Shiva and personal experiences of divinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the relationship between bhakti saints and the worship of deities in temples?

    <p>Despite universal access to personal devotion, formal temple worship remained hierarchically exclusive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a pivotal impact of the Chola dynasty on the bhakti movement?

    <p>They compiled and promoted hymns of poet-saints and temple rituals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role did King Mahendravarman I play in the context of Shaivism and Jainism?

    <p>He adopted Jain beliefs and later converted to Shaivism through Appar's influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Lingayatas' refer to?

    <p>A community characterized by wearing a personal linga as a symbol of devotion to Shiva.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the bhakti movement is highlighted by the hymns that criticize Buddhists and Jainas?

    <p>They declared a conversion experience that vast numbers of kings underwent from these religions to Shaivism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which literary work evidences the religious diversity in Tamil Nadu during the post-Sangam period?

    <p>Silapaddikaram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the royal patronage by the Cholas regarding temple singers?

    <p>The establishment of institutionalized practices for singing hymns during worship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main outcome of the gods' anger towards the village leaders?

    <p>The villagers were struck blind, excluding the brothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Yadava state play in the establishment of the cult at Pandharpur?

    <p>The Yadava state contributed to resource mobilization and temple construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidences support the link between hero-stones and the pastoral tradition?

    <p>Oral traditions and archaeological findings of herostones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the panels of hero-stones?

    <p>They are composed of three distinct panels representing different themes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the temple of Vatesvara erected according to the inscriptions?

    <p>CE 1300</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Bhadkhamba' refer to in the context of the deity?

    <p>A stone that provides boons to worshippers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the state of the village prior to the gods’ intervention?

    <p>The village had a tradition of rejecting gods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transition did the hero-stones undergo according to local customs?

    <p>They maintained their form while the details varied based on the event of the hero’s death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the term 'Pandhari Phad Pramukh' hold?

    <p>It denotes the head of the congregation at the Pandharpur temple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recurring theme can be identified in the Dhangar oral traditions?

    <p>Conflict between pastoralists and other groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial response of the Yadava state towards the Pandharpur cult?

    <p>The state ignored the cult's requests for aid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect differentiates hero-stones in Maharashtra from others?

    <p>They lack inscriptions altogether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the development of temples at Velapur?

    <p>They underwent considerable restructuring under Yadava oversight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of the hero-stones can indicate the death context of the individual commemorated?

    <p>The lowest panel representing the event of death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the kundalini represent in Tantric thought?

    <p>Dormant energy at the base of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Tantrism, what do Pingala and Ida signify?

    <p>The channels of sun and moon energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage in the ascension of kundalini according to Tantric practices?

    <p>Uniting with the cosmic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Kali's depiction on the body of Shiva symbolize?

    <p>The interaction of Shiva and Shakti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change in religious practices did the Shaiva saints introduce?

    <p>Promoting selfless devotion among all castes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories recognized by Shaiva Siddhanta Philosophy?

    <p>Pati, Pashu, Pasha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Kali's representation in Tantrism?

    <p>An embodiment of rituals confronting forbidden realities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of Kali's iconography?

    <p>Portrayed with a necklace of freshly cut heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophy does Kashmir Shaivism primarily embody?

    <p>Monism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following texts is foundational to the philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism?

    <p>Shiva Sutra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kali's association with cremation grounds reflect her role in Hinduism?

    <p>As a location for the dissolution of worldly attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Agamas in Shaivism?

    <p>To provide a doctrinal basis for worship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does Durga embody that may have increased her worship among kings?

    <p>Military prowess and success in warfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between God and the soul in Shaiva Siddhanta?

    <p>They have an inseparable yet distinct relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage does a devotee first attain in Shaiva Siddhanta's path to liberation?

    <p>Slave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of non-dualism is rejected by Shaiva Siddhanta adherents?

    <p>Identity of soul and God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic that differentiates Kashmir Shaivism from South Indian Shaivism?

    <p>Pluralism versus Monism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'sadhaka' refer to in Tantric practices?

    <p>A practitioner or seeker of spiritual enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant shift occurred with the introduction of Tamil bhakti literature?

    <p>The transition from a religion of the few to a religion of the many.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Tamil bhakti literature exemplifies its anti-hierarchy spirit?

    <p>The reverence for all Shiva-bhaktas regardless of caste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains the reluctance of Tiruppanalvar to approach the brahmana priest initially?

    <p>He felt unworthy as a low-caste individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the hymns of the Nayanars and Alvars distinct in their literary context?

    <p>They were created using the vernacular, Tamil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Vishnu in the story of Tiruppanalvar?

    <p>He commanded the brahmana to humble himself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the relationship between bhaktas and brahmana establishment is highlighted in the narrative?

    <p>Ongoing tension that remains unresolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Tamil bhakti literature intersect with existing religious traditions?

    <p>It merged aspects of Tamil culture with earlier Vedic texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was suggested about the social backgrounds of the Alvars and Nayanars?

    <p>A significant proportion came from high-caste lineages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common theme in the hymns sung by the Alvars and Nayanars?

    <p>The affirmation of personal devotion to one's chosen god.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did popular participation in bhakti manifest within Tamil society?

    <p>It brought together practitioners from various social backgrounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying message can be discerned from Appar's reverence towards all Shiva-bhaktas?

    <p>All practitioners deserve equal respect in devotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Tamil considered a suitable language for the expression of bhakti hymns?

    <p>It was accessible to both literate and non-literate individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tiruppanalvar's story illustrate about caste and devotion?

    <p>Devotion can triumph over societal hierarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential critique does Tamil bhakti literature suggest against orthodox religious attitudes?

    <p>It subtly encourages solidarity among diverse devotees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Puranas

    • Puranas are a category of smritis, claiming Vedic connection (like Mahabharata being the 5th Veda).
    • Their primary goal was to establish Vedic authority and Brahmin superiority.
    • They incorporated local traditions to address challenges to the brahmanical order.

    Evolution of Puranas

    • Puranas existed before the Common Era (references in Dharmasutras and Mahabharata).
    • Extant Puranas were composed and revised from the 4th-5th centuries CE, continuing for centuries.
    • Revisions included adding chapters, substituting old portions, and combining new works with old titles.

    Upa-Puranas

    • Upa-Puranas are compilations significant for India's social and religious history from the Gupta period.
    • Proposed number of Upa-Puranas is 18. Estimated dates of formation are between 650-800 CE.
    • Upa-Puranas are often viewed as subsections or later elaborations of the 18 major Puranas.
    • They reflect regional traditions and the diverse needs of different sects/cults.

    Puranic Religions

    Vaishnavism

    • Emerged during the Mahabharata and Ramayana periods, assimilating deities from various traditions.
    • Key cults include Vishnu, Narayana, and Krishna-Vasudeva, merging over time.
    • Vishnu, originally a solar deity, gained prominence in later mythology.
    • Narayana, a non-Vedic deity associated with the Pancharatra Sattra, became prominent through later texts.

    Shaivism

    • Evolved incrementally incorporating deities of diverse traditions.
    • Often associated with Rudra, a Vedic deity initially depicted as fierce.
    • The tension between asceticism and eroticism is significant in Shiva's portrayal.

    Shaktism

    • Shakti, the goddess, was not a paramount deity in Vedic religion, but had importance in pre-Vedic and contemporary practices.
    • The Devi Mahatmya, a section of the Markandeya Purana, describes the Goddess's birth and exploits.
    • Durga, often associated with mountains and tribal communities, received sacrifices contrasting with the brahmanical norm.
    • Kali, another prominent Shakta goddess, is portrayed as frightening and connected to destruction/creation cycles.

    Images and Iconography

    • Images are consecrated (Prana-Pratishtha) to become representations of the divine.
    • Images depict specific myths, deities, or combinations.
    • Vaishnava images often feature four arms and Vishnu's symbols.
    • Shaiva iconography includes Nataraja (dance of creation/destruction) and Shiva Linga (representing the phallus).

    Temples

    • Temple construction emerged as image worship became more established, representing the divine in sacred space.
    • Temples are constructed/maintained/followed established norms of design and proportions.

    Pilgrimage and Centres of Pilgrimage (Tirthas)

    • "Tirtha" designates sacred crossing-places, often at river fords, and viewed as avenues for spiritual advancement.
    • Sacred places, like Banaras (Kashi) and numerous others, are associated with specific deities and spiritual significance.
    • Pilgrims' prayers are believed stronger at tirthas.

    Bhakti

    • Bhakti translates to devotion, focusing on personal relationships with a chosen deity.
    • Devotees consider the deity as the source/goal of all created things..
    • Early South Indian bhakti movements emphasized emotion over knowledge, used vernacular languages (Tamil), and celebrated lower castes.

    Early Bhakti in South

    • Early Tamil bhakti movements (5th-9th centuries CE) are important for emotional expressions of devotion, using vernacular, and involving both Shaivas and Vaishnavas.
      • The Nayanars are Shaiva poets and the Alvars are Vaishnava poets who promoted a more emotionally direct approach to their worship.
    • Bhakti hymns and vernacular languages challenged the existing social hierarchies existing around the classical Brahman approach.

    Virashaivism

    • A militant Shaiva sect, founded by Basavanna, focused on equality and rejection of caste distinctions.
    • Virashaivas (Lingayats) emphasized the individual's personal connection with Shiva through a worn linga.
    • Lingayats challenged existing brahmanical norms.

    Tantricism

    • Tantrism involves techniques of worship applicable to many religious traditions.
    • Core concepts are mantras, mudras, yantras, and the concept of Kundalini.
    • Important for understanding the components of the divine, involving both male/female principals.

    Miscellaneous

    • Religious patronage and the rise of new polities often influenced religious development and vice versa, through supporting different sects and local cults.
    • Religious growth saw numerous sects and regional differences in medieval India.
    • Integration/assimilation of different elements, including the non-Brahmanical, was evident in various regions.

    Case Studies

    • Detailed case studies of Pandharpur (Viththal) and Velapur (Haraharesvara) depict the complex interplay of local traditions with emerging political powers (Yadavas), and the process of temple/cult development and legitimacy.
    • These case studies showcase how religious practices and local traditions intertwined with the rise/influence of regional kingdoms.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the Puranas, a significant category of smritis in Indian literature that claim Vedic authority. It covers the evolution of these texts, the characteristics of Upa-Puranas, and their role in India's social and religious history. Test your knowledge on these ancient texts that reflect diverse regional traditions and beliefs.

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