Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term used for the formal consecration of an image in worship?
What is the term used for the formal consecration of an image in worship?
- Puja
- Pranam
- Prana-pratishtha (correct)
- Pralaya
Which aspect of Shiva is most prominently represented in the Nataraja depiction?
Which aspect of Shiva is most prominently represented in the Nataraja depiction?
- His dance of creation and destruction (correct)
- His marital life
- His wisdom and enlightenment
- His role as a creator
What does the linga represent in Hindu iconography?
What does the linga represent in Hindu iconography?
- Fertility and creation (correct)
- The philosopher's stone
- The cosmic cycle
- The path to enlightenment
Which image depicts Vishnu as Tri-vikrama?
Which image depicts Vishnu as Tri-vikrama?
In the context of images, what is primarily offered to the icons during daily worship rituals?
In the context of images, what is primarily offered to the icons during daily worship rituals?
What aspect of Shiva does the flame in his Nataraja icon symbolize?
What aspect of Shiva does the flame in his Nataraja icon symbolize?
Which narrative element is commonly depicted in icons of Hindu deities?
Which narrative element is commonly depicted in icons of Hindu deities?
What common feature differentiates the representations of Shiva and Vishnu?
What common feature differentiates the representations of Shiva and Vishnu?
How are the images of deities treated after prana-pratishtha?
How are the images of deities treated after prana-pratishtha?
What significant transition occurred in religious patronage in eastern regions of Bengal during the 13th century?
What significant transition occurred in religious patronage in eastern regions of Bengal during the 13th century?
Which deity is typically depicted with a cobra as a symbol of fertility?
Which deity is typically depicted with a cobra as a symbol of fertility?
In what historical context did the Sena rulers support Vaishnavism?
In what historical context did the Sena rulers support Vaishnavism?
What aspect of Vishnu’s iconography is typically represented by the conch he holds?
What aspect of Vishnu’s iconography is typically represented by the conch he holds?
What is the primary objective of the Puranas?
What is the primary objective of the Puranas?
Which text mentions Puranas in a list of different kinds of wisdom?
Which text mentions Puranas in a list of different kinds of wisdom?
According to the Puranas, how many are they said to be?
According to the Puranas, how many are they said to be?
In which context is the term 'itihasa' mentioned in relation to Puranas?
In which context is the term 'itihasa' mentioned in relation to Puranas?
Which of the following persons is often regarded as the chief narrator of the Puranas?
Which of the following persons is often regarded as the chief narrator of the Puranas?
What challenge faced the Brahmanical social order during the early medieval period?
What challenge faced the Brahmanical social order during the early medieval period?
What status do the Puranas claim in relation to the Vedas?
What status do the Puranas claim in relation to the Vedas?
Which of the following is true regarding the divine origin of the Puranas?
Which of the following is true regarding the divine origin of the Puranas?
What significant role did the Upa-puranas serve in the social and religious history of India?
What significant role did the Upa-puranas serve in the social and religious history of India?
How many Upa-puranas are traditionally recognized in Puranic records?
How many Upa-puranas are traditionally recognized in Puranic records?
What was suggested as the reason for the emergence of Upa-puranas?
What was suggested as the reason for the emergence of Upa-puranas?
Which group of Upa-puranas is identifiable with regional tradition?
Which group of Upa-puranas is identifiable with regional tradition?
What trend in the development of Vaishnavism is signified by the fusing of two deities?
What trend in the development of Vaishnavism is signified by the fusing of two deities?
In which period did the predominance of Vishnu in Vaishnavism start to emerge significantly?
In which period did the predominance of Vishnu in Vaishnavism start to emerge significantly?
What is the defining characteristic of Upa-puranas compared to the main Puranas?
What is the defining characteristic of Upa-puranas compared to the main Puranas?
Which of the following texts discussed the characteristics of Puranas and did not mention Upa-puranas?
Which of the following texts discussed the characteristics of Puranas and did not mention Upa-puranas?
What does the term 'Pancharatra' refer to in the context of Narayana?
What does the term 'Pancharatra' refer to in the context of Narayana?
How did the spread of Vaishnavism relate to earlier texts such as the Mahabharata?
How did the spread of Vaishnavism relate to earlier texts such as the Mahabharata?
According to the narrative, how is Narayana classically understood in the context of Vedic texts?
According to the narrative, how is Narayana classically understood in the context of Vedic texts?
What was one of the early depictions of Vishnu in the Vedic corpus?
What was one of the early depictions of Vishnu in the Vedic corpus?
What significant phase marked the beginning of Vaishnavism?
What significant phase marked the beginning of Vaishnavism?
Which of the following best describes the evolution of the Vaishnava tradition?
Which of the following best describes the evolution of the Vaishnava tradition?
What characterizes the Pancharatra system compared to Vedic traditions?
What characterizes the Pancharatra system compared to Vedic traditions?
Which sect is distinguished from the Pancharatras by their adherence to Vedic traditions?
Which sect is distinguished from the Pancharatras by their adherence to Vedic traditions?
What does the term 'bhagavat' come to signify as societal structures transformed?
What does the term 'bhagavat' come to signify as societal structures transformed?
In what aspect did the Pancharatra sect diverge from later Bhagavatism?
In what aspect did the Pancharatra sect diverge from later Bhagavatism?
What role does Krishna assume in the Mahabharata as depicted in the early sections compared to later depictions?
What role does Krishna assume in the Mahabharata as depicted in the early sections compared to later depictions?
What is a sattra as described in Shatapatha Brahmana with respect to Pancharatra?
What is a sattra as described in Shatapatha Brahmana with respect to Pancharatra?
Who is suggested to have merged cults with Krishna-Vasudeva over time?
Who is suggested to have merged cults with Krishna-Vasudeva over time?
What describes the basis of the Vaikhanasa sect's worship methods?
What describes the basis of the Vaikhanasa sect's worship methods?
What significant change occurs regarding the worship of Narayana in the emerging sects?
What significant change occurs regarding the worship of Narayana in the emerging sects?
What was Rudra's unique treatment compared to other divinities in the Rigveda?
What was Rudra's unique treatment compared to other divinities in the Rigveda?
Which characteristic of Shiva's nature can be traced back to Rudra?
Which characteristic of Shiva's nature can be traced back to Rudra?
Which aspect of Shiva’s nature is reflected in his connection to Agni according to the content?
Which aspect of Shiva’s nature is reflected in his connection to Agni according to the content?
What are the Pashupatas known for in their worship of Shiva?
What are the Pashupatas known for in their worship of Shiva?
How did the recognition of Krishna change from the fourth century B.C. to the formation of the Mahabharata?
How did the recognition of Krishna change from the fourth century B.C. to the formation of the Mahabharata?
What is one feature unique to the Venkateshvara temples associated with the Vaikhanasa?
What is one feature unique to the Venkateshvara temples associated with the Vaikhanasa?
In what way did the orthodox Pashupatas attempt to modify the practices of heterodox worshippers?
In what way did the orthodox Pashupatas attempt to modify the practices of heterodox worshippers?
How does the relationship between the Bhagavata and Narayana shift with time?
How does the relationship between the Bhagavata and Narayana shift with time?
What significant trait distinguishes the goddess Devi from the goddesses of the Vedic pantheon?
What significant trait distinguishes the goddess Devi from the goddesses of the Vedic pantheon?
What rituals are described in Pashupata texts as necessary for the aspirant seeking liberation?
What rituals are described in Pashupata texts as necessary for the aspirant seeking liberation?
What does the term 'Pashupatas' refer to in the context of the Pancharatra?
What does the term 'Pashupatas' refer to in the context of the Pancharatra?
The Kapalika sect is primarily characterized by their association with which of the following?
The Kapalika sect is primarily characterized by their association with which of the following?
How is Shiva perceived through the lens of contrasting characteristics?
How is Shiva perceived through the lens of contrasting characteristics?
Which aspect of Shiva's worship does not relate to the activities conducted by Pashupatas?
Which aspect of Shiva's worship does not relate to the activities conducted by Pashupatas?
What does the term 'Shaktism' refer to in the context of the Puranic texts?
What does the term 'Shaktism' refer to in the context of the Puranic texts?
What aspect of Shiva is illustrated through the myth of Daksha's yajna?
What aspect of Shiva is illustrated through the myth of Daksha's yajna?
What is indicated by evidence of goddess worship predating the Vedic period?
What is indicated by evidence of goddess worship predating the Vedic period?
The practices of the Kapalikas are primarily associated with which kind of actions?
The practices of the Kapalikas are primarily associated with which kind of actions?
What significant status change did Pandharpur undergo between 1189 CE and 1237 CE?
What significant status change did Pandharpur undergo between 1189 CE and 1237 CE?
What new title was given to the deity Viththal in the 12th century CE in Pandharpur?
What new title was given to the deity Viththal in the 12th century CE in Pandharpur?
What denotes the first phase of the epigraphic context pertaining to Viththal?
What denotes the first phase of the epigraphic context pertaining to Viththal?
Which dynasty is closely linked with the remarkable changes in the status of Pandharpur?
Which dynasty is closely linked with the remarkable changes in the status of Pandharpur?
In the context of Viththal, which tradition is least pronounced at the cult center in Pandharpur?
In the context of Viththal, which tradition is least pronounced at the cult center in Pandharpur?
What major infrastructure change occurred in Pandharpur between 1273-1277 CE?
What major infrastructure change occurred in Pandharpur between 1273-1277 CE?
What characterizes the second phase of the cult of Viththal at Pandharpur?
What characterizes the second phase of the cult of Viththal at Pandharpur?
Which phrase best summarizes the relationship between dynasties and local cults in the context provided?
Which phrase best summarizes the relationship between dynasties and local cults in the context provided?
What does the reference to Viththal as the 24th avatar of Vishnu suggest?
What does the reference to Viththal as the 24th avatar of Vishnu suggest?
What denotes the last phase in the evolution of Pandharpur from a palli to a pura?
What denotes the last phase in the evolution of Pandharpur from a palli to a pura?
What signifies the unique relationship between deities and dynastic support in Pandharpur?
What signifies the unique relationship between deities and dynastic support in Pandharpur?
Which inscription referred to the settlement of Pandharpur as a mahagrama?
Which inscription referred to the settlement of Pandharpur as a mahagrama?
How did local traditions impact the consolidation of the Viththal cult?
How did local traditions impact the consolidation of the Viththal cult?
What was the role of the pastoral tradition concerning Viththal?
What was the role of the pastoral tradition concerning Viththal?
What enabled the Kathmandu Valley to become a melting pot of Hinduism and Buddhism?
What enabled the Kathmandu Valley to become a melting pot of Hinduism and Buddhism?
What movement began as a reaction to orthodox Brahmanical religion in the far south of India?
What movement began as a reaction to orthodox Brahmanical religion in the far south of India?
How did bhakti poets challenge the orthodoxy of Brahmanical religion?
How did bhakti poets challenge the orthodoxy of Brahmanical religion?
What was a significant consequence of the rise of bhakti movements in medieval India?
What was a significant consequence of the rise of bhakti movements in medieval India?
What role did Shankaracharya play in the context of medieval religious practices?
What role did Shankaracharya play in the context of medieval religious practices?
What cultural development characterized the medieval kingdoms of Gujarat and Rajasthan?
What cultural development characterized the medieval kingdoms of Gujarat and Rajasthan?
What prominent cultural feature remained even as Shiva and Vishnu worship gained prominence in the peninsula?
What prominent cultural feature remained even as Shiva and Vishnu worship gained prominence in the peninsula?
Which factor contributed to the success of the cult of Viththal in Pandharpur?
Which factor contributed to the success of the cult of Viththal in Pandharpur?
What was a common feature of Jain temple worship during the medieval period?
What was a common feature of Jain temple worship during the medieval period?
Which of the following best describes the bhakti movement's view on caste?
Which of the following best describes the bhakti movement's view on caste?
Which dynasty is mentioned as having transitioned in their religious patronage practices?
Which dynasty is mentioned as having transitioned in their religious patronage practices?
What impact did Arab Muslim settlements have on the coastal regions of India?
What impact did Arab Muslim settlements have on the coastal regions of India?
Which of the following events is associated with the gradual rise of bending cultural and religious practices?
Which of the following events is associated with the gradual rise of bending cultural and religious practices?
How did the social structure affect devotional practices in medieval South India?
How did the social structure affect devotional practices in medieval South India?
What was significant about the inscriptions found in Pandharpur?
What was significant about the inscriptions found in Pandharpur?
Which Purana is known to have references to Taimur Lang and Akbar?
Which Purana is known to have references to Taimur Lang and Akbar?
What does the term 'sarga' refer to in the context of the Puranas?
What does the term 'sarga' refer to in the context of the Puranas?
During which centuries was the main composition of extant Puranic texts believed to have begun?
During which centuries was the main composition of extant Puranic texts believed to have begun?
What is the primary reason for the constant revisions of the Puranas?
What is the primary reason for the constant revisions of the Puranas?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five defining marks of the Puranas?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five defining marks of the Puranas?
What characterized the developments of rites and customs described in the Puranas?
What characterized the developments of rites and customs described in the Puranas?
Which group was classified as 'duracharah' in various smriti texts?
Which group was classified as 'duracharah' in various smriti texts?
What does the term 'vamshanucharita' signify?
What does the term 'vamshanucharita' signify?
What significant societal change influenced the evolution of the Puranas?
What significant societal change influenced the evolution of the Puranas?
Which religious practice began to challenge Brahmanical religion around the fifth century CE?
Which religious practice began to challenge Brahmanical religion around the fifth century CE?
Which two sets of Brahmanas made efforts to reassert Vedic authority?
Which two sets of Brahmanas made efforts to reassert Vedic authority?
What does 'pratisarga' refer to in the context of the Puranas?
What does 'pratisarga' refer to in the context of the Puranas?
What role did the Grihyasutras play in the context of Puranic revisions?
What role did the Grihyasutras play in the context of Puranic revisions?
What role did Brahmadeva Rana play in the Yadava administration by CE 1305?
What role did Brahmadeva Rana play in the Yadava administration by CE 1305?
Which influence did the Hoysala kingdom experience concerning the Yadavas?
Which influence did the Hoysala kingdom experience concerning the Yadavas?
What is the significance of the term 'tirtha' in the context of pilgrimage?
What is the significance of the term 'tirtha' in the context of pilgrimage?
How does temple construction symbolize human anatomy?
How does temple construction symbolize human anatomy?
What connection is drawn between the concept of image worship and Vedic yajna?
What connection is drawn between the concept of image worship and Vedic yajna?
What observation is made about the location of temples in relation to spiritual journeys?
What observation is made about the location of temples in relation to spiritual journeys?
In the context of the Yadava polity, what does the term 'cult assimilation' refer to?
In the context of the Yadava polity, what does the term 'cult assimilation' refer to?
What was the primary material used for building temples during the significant early medieval period?
What was the primary material used for building temples during the significant early medieval period?
Which aspect of early medieval assimilation is highlighted through temple networks?
Which aspect of early medieval assimilation is highlighted through temple networks?
What significance does the 'garbhagriha' hold within a temple's structure?
What significance does the 'garbhagriha' hold within a temple's structure?
What does the architectural aspect of a temple commonly represent in relation to consciousness?
What does the architectural aspect of a temple commonly represent in relation to consciousness?
Which statement best reflects the transformation of sacred space from a temporary place of sacrifice to a temple?
Which statement best reflects the transformation of sacred space from a temporary place of sacrifice to a temple?
What common practice reflects spiritual purification before entering a temple?
What common practice reflects spiritual purification before entering a temple?
What is the significance of Mathura and Ayodhya as tirthas?
What is the significance of Mathura and Ayodhya as tirthas?
Which of the following best describes the term 'mokshada'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'mokshada'?
What role do mahatmyas play in the context of tirthas?
What role do mahatmyas play in the context of tirthas?
Which of the following statements about the pithas is correct?
Which of the following statements about the pithas is correct?
How does the relationship between Krishna and Arjuna in the Bhagavadgita differ from that in the Tamil bhakti poems?
How does the relationship between Krishna and Arjuna in the Bhagavadgita differ from that in the Tamil bhakti poems?
What does the root 'bhaj' imply in the context of bhakti?
What does the root 'bhaj' imply in the context of bhakti?
What is unique about the jyotirlinga concept related to Shiva?
What is unique about the jyotirlinga concept related to Shiva?
Which city is referred to as 'mokshaprakashika'?
Which city is referred to as 'mokshaprakashika'?
What transformation occurred in the understanding of bhakti from the Bhagavadgita to Tamil bhakti movements?
What transformation occurred in the understanding of bhakti from the Bhagavadgita to Tamil bhakti movements?
Which of the following best encapsulates the essence of bhakti?
Which of the following best encapsulates the essence of bhakti?
Which of these is NOT considered one of the sapta puris?
Which of these is NOT considered one of the sapta puris?
What is the primary focus of the early Bhakti movements in South India?
What is the primary focus of the early Bhakti movements in South India?
How is Kashi described in relation to its significance?
How is Kashi described in relation to its significance?
What does the relationship between the devotee and deity entail in bhakti literature?
What does the relationship between the devotee and deity entail in bhakti literature?
What was the significant social challenge posed by the marriage between a former brahmana and an ex-outcaste?
What was the significant social challenge posed by the marriage between a former brahmana and an ex-outcaste?
In what way did Virashaiva saints express their devotion compared to traditional practices?
In what way did Virashaiva saints express their devotion compared to traditional practices?
What role did the jangamas play in the Virashaiva community?
What role did the jangamas play in the Virashaiva community?
How does Tantrism influence religious practice across different traditions?
How does Tantrism influence religious practice across different traditions?
What is considered a foundational aspect of Tantric practice?
What is considered a foundational aspect of Tantric practice?
What does the yantra represent in Tantric meditation?
What does the yantra represent in Tantric meditation?
How did Basavanna's followers contribute to the broader spiritual landscape?
How did Basavanna's followers contribute to the broader spiritual landscape?
What marks a key difference between the practices of the Virashaivas and mainstream Hinduism?
What marks a key difference between the practices of the Virashaivas and mainstream Hinduism?
What does the concept of anubhaava signify in Virashaiva belief?
What does the concept of anubhaava signify in Virashaiva belief?
Which aspect characterizes the role of the guru within the context of Tantrism?
Which aspect characterizes the role of the guru within the context of Tantrism?
What language did the Nayanars and Alvars choose to compose their hymns in, contrasting with traditional Sanskrit?
What language did the Nayanars and Alvars choose to compose their hymns in, contrasting with traditional Sanskrit?
What is the structure of a typical yantra in Tantric practice?
What is the structure of a typical yantra in Tantric practice?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between bhaktas and the brahmana temple establishment as depicted in Tiruppanalvar's story?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between bhaktas and the brahmana temple establishment as depicted in Tiruppanalvar's story?
How does Tantrism view the nature of divinity as expressed through yantras?
How does Tantrism view the nature of divinity as expressed through yantras?
What attributes were historically associated with the Goddess before they were divided among separate deities in many cultures?
What attributes were historically associated with the Goddess before they were divided among separate deities in many cultures?
What is a notable characteristic of the literary tradition of Tamil compared to Sanskrit in the context of bhakti literature?
What is a notable characteristic of the literary tradition of Tamil compared to Sanskrit in the context of bhakti literature?
What legacy did Basavanna leave regarding religious and social conventions?
What legacy did Basavanna leave regarding religious and social conventions?
What percentage of the Alvars and Nayanars were brahmana and kshatriya men, indicating their dominance in the movement?
What percentage of the Alvars and Nayanars were brahmana and kshatriya men, indicating their dominance in the movement?
What can be inferred about the relationship between Tantrism and the established traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism?
What can be inferred about the relationship between Tantrism and the established traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism?
How does the Indian perspective on the Goddess differ from that in the western world?
How does the Indian perspective on the Goddess differ from that in the western world?
What does the term 'Mahadevi' signify in the context of Durga's representation?
What does the term 'Mahadevi' signify in the context of Durga's representation?
Which of the following best encapsulates the thematic essence of Appar’s hymns?
Which of the following best encapsulates the thematic essence of Appar’s hymns?
In which text is the Devi Mahatmya found, and what aspect does it detail?
In which text is the Devi Mahatmya found, and what aspect does it detail?
What event in Tiruppanalvar's story suggests a transformation of perception regarding low-caste individuals?
What event in Tiruppanalvar's story suggests a transformation of perception regarding low-caste individuals?
How does the story of Tiruppanalvar illustrate the broader message of Tamil bhakti literature?
How does the story of Tiruppanalvar illustrate the broader message of Tamil bhakti literature?
What is the significance of Durga's association with the Vindhya mountains in brahmanical texts?
What is the significance of Durga's association with the Vindhya mountains in brahmanical texts?
Which of the following qualities is NOT associated with Durga in the Devi Mahatmya?
Which of the following qualities is NOT associated with Durga in the Devi Mahatmya?
What was the reason for the shift from Sanskrit to Tamil in the context of bhakti expressions?
What was the reason for the shift from Sanskrit to Tamil in the context of bhakti expressions?
What role did religious figures like Tiruppanalvar play in the transformation of Tamil religious culture?
What role did religious figures like Tiruppanalvar play in the transformation of Tamil religious culture?
What is a key aspect of Durga's origin story as per traditional narratives?
What is a key aspect of Durga's origin story as per traditional narratives?
Which attribute does Durga NOT possess according to her representations?
Which attribute does Durga NOT possess according to her representations?
In what way did Tamil bhakti literature serve as a platform for communal gatherings?
In what way did Tamil bhakti literature serve as a platform for communal gatherings?
In some renditions of Durga's story, what reaction do her male opponents have toward her?
In some renditions of Durga's story, what reaction do her male opponents have toward her?
How does the hagiographical account of Tiruppanalvar suggest tensions in caste dynamics?
How does the hagiographical account of Tiruppanalvar suggest tensions in caste dynamics?
What aspect of Vishnu's interaction with Tiruppanalvar signifies a breakthrough in religious interaction?
What aspect of Vishnu's interaction with Tiruppanalvar signifies a breakthrough in religious interaction?
What symbolizes Durga’s ultimate victory over her adversaries according to her mythology?
What symbolizes Durga’s ultimate victory over her adversaries according to her mythology?
What does Appar's tribute to all Shiva-bhaktas, including the 'foul pulaiyan', convey about Tamil bhakti?
What does Appar's tribute to all Shiva-bhaktas, including the 'foul pulaiyan', convey about Tamil bhakti?
What does the term 'Kali' refer to in relation to Durga?
What does the term 'Kali' refer to in relation to Durga?
Which of the following best describes the importance of the eighth-century text Gaudavaho in relation to the Goddess?
Which of the following best describes the importance of the eighth-century text Gaudavaho in relation to the Goddess?
What role does blood and meat play in the context of Goddess worship in India?
What role does blood and meat play in the context of Goddess worship in India?
How did Hinduism's organizational structure contribute to the worship of the Goddess?
How did Hinduism's organizational structure contribute to the worship of the Goddess?
What philosophy does Kashmir Shaivism emphasize regarding the identity of individual souls and the Absolute?
What philosophy does Kashmir Shaivism emphasize regarding the identity of individual souls and the Absolute?
How does Virashaivism differ from other Shaivite schools in terms of its treatment of the Linga?
How does Virashaivism differ from other Shaivite schools in terms of its treatment of the Linga?
What term is used to describe the ultimate reality in Virashaivism?
What term is used to describe the ultimate reality in Virashaivism?
Which goddess is primarily associated with Shaktism as the embodiment of power?
Which goddess is primarily associated with Shaktism as the embodiment of power?
What significant feature characterizes the philosophy of Virashaivism compared to other Shaivite philosophies?
What significant feature characterizes the philosophy of Virashaivism compared to other Shaivite philosophies?
Which text is associated with the early development and significance of Durga worship?
Which text is associated with the early development and significance of Durga worship?
What role does Shakti play in relationship to Shiva according to Virashaivism?
What role does Shakti play in relationship to Shiva according to Virashaivism?
What is the belief regarding the individual soul within the framework of Virashaivism?
What is the belief regarding the individual soul within the framework of Virashaivism?
What historical context contributed to the emergence of Shaktism in medieval times?
What historical context contributed to the emergence of Shaktism in medieval times?
What does the term 'Diksha' signify in the context of Virashaivism?
What does the term 'Diksha' signify in the context of Virashaivism?
Which narrative illustrates Devi as the protector of dharma through her battles during medieval times?
Which narrative illustrates Devi as the protector of dharma through her battles during medieval times?
Which of the following statements best characterizes the cosmological evolution in Shaktism?
Which of the following statements best characterizes the cosmological evolution in Shaktism?
How is the worship of Durga seen in contrast to traditional brahmanical practices?
How is the worship of Durga seen in contrast to traditional brahmanical practices?
What does the narrative of Devi's fight with Mahisasura signify?
What does the narrative of Devi's fight with Mahisasura signify?
What significant role did the Alvars and Nayanars play in the Tamil bhakti movement?
What significant role did the Alvars and Nayanars play in the Tamil bhakti movement?
What was a primary distinguishing feature of the Virashaiva movement founded by Basavanna?
What was a primary distinguishing feature of the Virashaiva movement founded by Basavanna?
Which of the following observations about the social stratification of the bhakti movement is correct?
Which of the following observations about the social stratification of the bhakti movement is correct?
What criticism of Buddhism and Jainism is evident in the hymns of the Alvars and Nayanars?
What criticism of Buddhism and Jainism is evident in the hymns of the Alvars and Nayanars?
Which South Indian kingdom is noted for its early temple construction and support of Shaivism?
Which South Indian kingdom is noted for its early temple construction and support of Shaivism?
What does the term 'Agamic' refer to in the context of early Tamil bhakti?
What does the term 'Agamic' refer to in the context of early Tamil bhakti?
What was the primary focus of Basavanna's vachanas?
What was the primary focus of Basavanna's vachanas?
Which statement reflects the relationship between bhakti saints and the worship of deities in temples?
Which statement reflects the relationship between bhakti saints and the worship of deities in temples?
What was a pivotal impact of the Chola dynasty on the bhakti movement?
What was a pivotal impact of the Chola dynasty on the bhakti movement?
Which role did King Mahendravarman I play in the context of Shaivism and Jainism?
Which role did King Mahendravarman I play in the context of Shaivism and Jainism?
What does the term 'Lingayatas' refer to?
What does the term 'Lingayatas' refer to?
What aspect of the bhakti movement is highlighted by the hymns that criticize Buddhists and Jainas?
What aspect of the bhakti movement is highlighted by the hymns that criticize Buddhists and Jainas?
Which literary work evidences the religious diversity in Tamil Nadu during the post-Sangam period?
Which literary work evidences the religious diversity in Tamil Nadu during the post-Sangam period?
What was a consequence of the royal patronage by the Cholas regarding temple singers?
What was a consequence of the royal patronage by the Cholas regarding temple singers?
What was the main outcome of the gods' anger towards the village leaders?
What was the main outcome of the gods' anger towards the village leaders?
What role did the Yadava state play in the establishment of the cult at Pandharpur?
What role did the Yadava state play in the establishment of the cult at Pandharpur?
What evidences support the link between hero-stones and the pastoral tradition?
What evidences support the link between hero-stones and the pastoral tradition?
What characterizes the panels of hero-stones?
What characterizes the panels of hero-stones?
In what year was the temple of Vatesvara erected according to the inscriptions?
In what year was the temple of Vatesvara erected according to the inscriptions?
What does the term 'Bhadkhamba' refer to in the context of the deity?
What does the term 'Bhadkhamba' refer to in the context of the deity?
Which of the following best describes the state of the village prior to the gods’ intervention?
Which of the following best describes the state of the village prior to the gods’ intervention?
What transition did the hero-stones undergo according to local customs?
What transition did the hero-stones undergo according to local customs?
What significance does the term 'Pandhari Phad Pramukh' hold?
What significance does the term 'Pandhari Phad Pramukh' hold?
What recurring theme can be identified in the Dhangar oral traditions?
What recurring theme can be identified in the Dhangar oral traditions?
What was the initial response of the Yadava state towards the Pandharpur cult?
What was the initial response of the Yadava state towards the Pandharpur cult?
What aspect differentiates hero-stones in Maharashtra from others?
What aspect differentiates hero-stones in Maharashtra from others?
What can be inferred about the development of temples at Velapur?
What can be inferred about the development of temples at Velapur?
Which feature of the hero-stones can indicate the death context of the individual commemorated?
Which feature of the hero-stones can indicate the death context of the individual commemorated?
What does the kundalini represent in Tantric thought?
What does the kundalini represent in Tantric thought?
In the context of Tantrism, what do Pingala and Ida signify?
In the context of Tantrism, what do Pingala and Ida signify?
What is the final stage in the ascension of kundalini according to Tantric practices?
What is the final stage in the ascension of kundalini according to Tantric practices?
What does Kali's depiction on the body of Shiva symbolize?
What does Kali's depiction on the body of Shiva symbolize?
What significant change in religious practices did the Shaiva saints introduce?
What significant change in religious practices did the Shaiva saints introduce?
What are the three categories recognized by Shaiva Siddhanta Philosophy?
What are the three categories recognized by Shaiva Siddhanta Philosophy?
Which of the following best describes Kali's representation in Tantrism?
Which of the following best describes Kali's representation in Tantrism?
What is a notable characteristic of Kali's iconography?
What is a notable characteristic of Kali's iconography?
What philosophy does Kashmir Shaivism primarily embody?
What philosophy does Kashmir Shaivism primarily embody?
Which of the following texts is foundational to the philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism?
Which of the following texts is foundational to the philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism?
How does Kali's association with cremation grounds reflect her role in Hinduism?
How does Kali's association with cremation grounds reflect her role in Hinduism?
What is the primary purpose of Agamas in Shaivism?
What is the primary purpose of Agamas in Shaivism?
What aspect does Durga embody that may have increased her worship among kings?
What aspect does Durga embody that may have increased her worship among kings?
What is the relationship between God and the soul in Shaiva Siddhanta?
What is the relationship between God and the soul in Shaiva Siddhanta?
Which stage does a devotee first attain in Shaiva Siddhanta's path to liberation?
Which stage does a devotee first attain in Shaiva Siddhanta's path to liberation?
Which aspect of non-dualism is rejected by Shaiva Siddhanta adherents?
Which aspect of non-dualism is rejected by Shaiva Siddhanta adherents?
What is one characteristic that differentiates Kashmir Shaivism from South Indian Shaivism?
What is one characteristic that differentiates Kashmir Shaivism from South Indian Shaivism?
What does the term 'sadhaka' refer to in Tantric practices?
What does the term 'sadhaka' refer to in Tantric practices?
What significant shift occurred with the introduction of Tamil bhakti literature?
What significant shift occurred with the introduction of Tamil bhakti literature?
What aspect of Tamil bhakti literature exemplifies its anti-hierarchy spirit?
What aspect of Tamil bhakti literature exemplifies its anti-hierarchy spirit?
What explains the reluctance of Tiruppanalvar to approach the brahmana priest initially?
What explains the reluctance of Tiruppanalvar to approach the brahmana priest initially?
How were the hymns of the Nayanars and Alvars distinct in their literary context?
How were the hymns of the Nayanars and Alvars distinct in their literary context?
What was the role of Vishnu in the story of Tiruppanalvar?
What was the role of Vishnu in the story of Tiruppanalvar?
Which characteristic of the relationship between bhaktas and brahmana establishment is highlighted in the narrative?
Which characteristic of the relationship between bhaktas and brahmana establishment is highlighted in the narrative?
In what way did Tamil bhakti literature intersect with existing religious traditions?
In what way did Tamil bhakti literature intersect with existing religious traditions?
What was suggested about the social backgrounds of the Alvars and Nayanars?
What was suggested about the social backgrounds of the Alvars and Nayanars?
What was a common theme in the hymns sung by the Alvars and Nayanars?
What was a common theme in the hymns sung by the Alvars and Nayanars?
How did popular participation in bhakti manifest within Tamil society?
How did popular participation in bhakti manifest within Tamil society?
What underlying message can be discerned from Appar's reverence towards all Shiva-bhaktas?
What underlying message can be discerned from Appar's reverence towards all Shiva-bhaktas?
Why was Tamil considered a suitable language for the expression of bhakti hymns?
Why was Tamil considered a suitable language for the expression of bhakti hymns?
What does Tiruppanalvar's story illustrate about caste and devotion?
What does Tiruppanalvar's story illustrate about caste and devotion?
What potential critique does Tamil bhakti literature suggest against orthodox religious attitudes?
What potential critique does Tamil bhakti literature suggest against orthodox religious attitudes?
Flashcards
Puranas
Puranas
A separate category of religious texts considered commentaries on the Vedas, aiming to establish and spread the authority of the Vedas and Brahminical superiority.
Puranic Religion
Puranic Religion
A collection of religious practices and beliefs from the Puranas (religious texts), including various sects like Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism, alongside images, temples, and pilgrimages.
Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism
A sect of Hinduism focused on the worship of Vishnu, one of the principal deities.
Shaivism
Shaivism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shaktism
Shaktism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Early Bhakti in South
Early Bhakti in South
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple Towns
Temple Towns
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of Puranas
Purpose of Puranas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pancha-lakshana
Pancha-lakshana
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sarga
Sarga
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pratisarga
Pratisarga
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vamsha
Vamsha
Signup and view all the flashcards
Manvantara
Manvantara
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vamshanucharita
Vamshanucharita
Signup and view all the flashcards
Early Puranas
Early Puranas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Later Puranas
Later Puranas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reasons for Puranic Revisions
Reasons for Puranic Revisions
Signup and view all the flashcards
First Phase of Puranic Development
First Phase of Puranic Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second Phase of Puranic Development
Second Phase of Puranic Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Criticism of Vedic Sacrifice
Criticism of Vedic Sacrifice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rise of Vaishnavism and Shaivism
Rise of Vaishnavism and Shaivism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shaiva Practices
Shaiva Practices
Signup and view all the flashcards
Decline of Vedic Authority
Decline of Vedic Authority
Signup and view all the flashcards
Grihyasutras
Grihyasutras
Signup and view all the flashcards
Smriti texts
Smriti texts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Upa-Puranas
Upa-Puranas
Signup and view all the flashcards
How many Upa-Puranas are there?
How many Upa-Puranas are there?
Signup and view all the flashcards
When were the Upa-Puranas formed?
When were the Upa-Puranas formed?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What distinguishes a Upa-Purana from a Purana?
What distinguishes a Upa-Purana from a Purana?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Content of Upa-Puranas
Content of Upa-Puranas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaishnavism's Roots
Vaishnavism's Roots
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vishnu's Vedic Role
Vishnu's Vedic Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Narayana's Non-Vedic Origin
Narayana's Non-Vedic Origin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pancharatra Sattra
Pancharatra Sattra
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Vaishnavism change over time?
How does Vaishnavism change over time?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pancharatrika
Pancharatrika
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaikhanasa
Vaikhanasa
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhagavat Narayana
Bhagavat Narayana
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhagavata
Bhagavata
Signup and view all the flashcards
Synthesis of Cults
Synthesis of Cults
Signup and view all the flashcards
Narayana
Narayana
Signup and view all the flashcards
Krishna's Deification
Krishna's Deification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Krishna-Vasudeva
Krishna-Vasudeva
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhagavad Gita
Bhagavad Gita
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rudra
Rudra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shaiva Pantheon
Shaiva Pantheon
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rudra's Sacrifice
Rudra's Sacrifice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shiva's Exclusion
Shiva's Exclusion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Daksha's Yajna
Daksha's Yajna
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shiva's Dual Nature
Shiva's Dual Nature
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pashupatas
Pashupatas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pashupati's Bond
Pashupati's Bond
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pashupata Practices
Pashupata Practices
Signup and view all the flashcards
Imitation and Possession
Imitation and Possession
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orthodox and Heterodox Pashupatas
Orthodox and Heterodox Pashupatas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kapalika Symbolism
Kapalika Symbolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kapalika Practices
Kapalika Practices
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shakti Worship
Shakti Worship
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pre-Vedic Goddesses
Pre-Vedic Goddesses
Signup and view all the flashcards
Distinct Goddesses
Distinct Goddesses
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iconography
Iconography
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prana-Pratishtha
Prana-Pratishtha
Signup and view all the flashcards
Murti
Murti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Four-armed Vishnu
Four-armed Vishnu
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tri-vikrama
Tri-vikrama
Signup and view all the flashcards
Abhaya Mudra
Abhaya Mudra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yoni
Yoni
Signup and view all the flashcards
Buddhist Patronage
Buddhist Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Islamic Patronage
Islamic Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vijayasena
Vijayasena
Signup and view all the flashcards
Jayadeva
Jayadeva
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shifting Political Patronage
Shifting Political Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spread of Islam
Spread of Islam
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medieval Patronage
Medieval Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Devotional Cults
Devotional Cults
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kathmandu Valley
Kathmandu Valley
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medieval Jain Patronage
Medieval Jain Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hindu-Jain Blend
Hindu-Jain Blend
Signup and view all the flashcards
Peninsular Religious Landscape
Peninsular Religious Landscape
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Brahmanical Influence
Non-Brahmanical Influence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhakti Movement
Bhakti Movement
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhakti and Social Change
Bhakti and Social Change
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhakti and Sectarian Conflict
Bhakti and Sectarian Conflict
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shankara's Role
Shankara's Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lingayatism
Lingayatism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cult of Viththala
Cult of Viththala
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pandharpur's Evolution
Pandharpur's Evolution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medieval Religious Landscape
Medieval Religious Landscape
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pandharpur's Growth
Pandharpur's Growth
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viththal's Rise
Viththal's Rise
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple's Role
Temple's Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yadava Patronage
Yadava Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Integration of Traditions
Integration of Traditions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viththal as Vishnu Avatar
Viththal as Vishnu Avatar
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pastoral Tradition
Pastoral Tradition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viththal's Journey
Viththal's Journey
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dhangar Gods
Dhangar Gods
Signup and view all the flashcards
Growth of Devotionalism
Growth of Devotionalism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sectarian Support
Sectarian Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Integration of Local Traditions
Integration of Local Traditions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Jagannath Cult
Jagannath Cult
Signup and view all the flashcards
Balancing Support
Balancing Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Popular Movements
Popular Movements
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dhangar Oral Tradition
Dhangar Oral Tradition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hero-Stones (Viragals)
Hero-Stones (Viragals)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conflict between Pastoralists and Others
Conflict between Pastoralists and Others
Signup and view all the flashcards
Origin of Pandharpur Cult
Origin of Pandharpur Cult
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yadava Intervention
Yadava Intervention
Signup and view all the flashcards
State's Role in Cult Development
State's Role in Cult Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemadpanti Temple
Hemadpanti Temple
Signup and view all the flashcards
Velapur Temple Inscriptions
Velapur Temple Inscriptions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Memorial Stone
Memorial Stone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple Construction and Political Power
Temple Construction and Political Power
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sarvadhikari
Sarvadhikari
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple Donations
Temple Donations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pandhari Phad Pramukh
Pandhari Phad Pramukh
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cult Creation by the State
Cult Creation by the State
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tamil Bhakti
Tamil Bhakti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nayanars and Alvars
Nayanars and Alvars
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anti-hierarchy Spirit
Anti-hierarchy Spirit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tiruppanalvar's Story
Tiruppanalvar's Story
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tension Resolved
Tension Resolved
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protest against Orthodoxy
Protest against Orthodoxy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Formation of Devotional Communities
Formation of Devotional Communities
Signup and view all the flashcards
Exceptions to the Norm
Exceptions to the Norm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shift from Sanskrit to Tamil
Shift from Sanskrit to Tamil
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mumbling Names
Mumbling Names
Signup and view all the flashcards
Early Extant Religious Literature
Early Extant Religious Literature
Signup and view all the flashcards
Buddhist and Jain Influence
Buddhist and Jain Influence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sangam Poetry Influence
Sangam Poetry Influence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Merging of Traditions
Merging of Traditions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Early Tamil Bhakti
Early Tamil Bhakti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alvars and Nayanars
Alvars and Nayanars
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sacred Geography
Sacred Geography
Signup and view all the flashcards
Royal Patronage of Bhakti
Royal Patronage of Bhakti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple as a Center
Temple as a Center
Signup and view all the flashcards
Virashaiva Movement
Virashaiva Movement
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basavanna's Linga
Basavanna's Linga
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kudalasangama
Kudalasangama
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conversion to Shaivism
Conversion to Shaivism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Critique of Buddhism and Jainism
Critique of Buddhism and Jainism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chola Patronage
Chola Patronage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yadava Polity
Yadava Polity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple Networks
Temple Networks
Signup and view all the flashcards
Assimilation in Early Medieval Contexts
Assimilation in Early Medieval Contexts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Image Worship
Image Worship
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mandala
Mandala
Signup and view all the flashcards
Garbhagriha
Garbhagriha
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shikhara
Shikhara
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temple Architecture
Temple Architecture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tirtha
Tirtha
Signup and view all the flashcards
Puranic Hinduism
Puranic Hinduism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vedic Religion
Vedic Religion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's Popularity
Durga's Popularity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kali: The Frightening Goddess
Kali: The Frightening Goddess
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kali's Symbolism
Kali's Symbolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kali's Dwelling Place
Kali's Dwelling Place
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shakti's Role in Tantra
Shakti's Role in Tantra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Virashaivas
Virashaivas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basavanna
Basavanna
Signup and view all the flashcards
What did Virashaivas protest against?
What did Virashaivas protest against?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anubhaava
Anubhaava
Signup and view all the flashcards
Jangamas
Jangamas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tantrism
Tantrism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Yantra
Yantra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sadhaka
Sadhaka
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shri Yantra
Shri Yantra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tantric practices focus on...
Tantric practices focus on...
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kundalini
Kundalini
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pingala and Ida
Pingala and Ida
Signup and view all the flashcards
The Five Ms (Matsya, Mamsa, Mada, Mudra, Maithuna)
The Five Ms (Matsya, Mamsa, Mada, Mudra, Maithuna)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shaiva Siddhanta
Shaiva Siddhanta
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kashmir Shaivism
Kashmir Shaivism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nayannars
Nayannars
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tamil Shaivism
Tamil Shaivism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Three Categories of Shaiva Siddhanta (Pati, Pashu, Pasha)
Three Categories of Shaiva Siddhanta (Pati, Pashu, Pasha)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Four Stages of Liberation in Shaiva Siddhanta
Four Stages of Liberation in Shaiva Siddhanta
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shiva Sutra
Shiva Sutra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spanda Karika
Spanda Karika
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pratyabhijna Sutra
Pratyabhijna Sutra
Signup and view all the flashcards
Maya-Shakti
Maya-Shakti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Para-Shiva
Para-Shiva
Signup and view all the flashcards
Linga-dharma
Linga-dharma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gramdevatas
Gramdevatas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Devi Mahatmya
Devi Mahatmya
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga Worship
Durga Worship
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dharmic Order
Dharmic Order
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vedic Sacrifice
Vedic Sacrifice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heterodox
Heterodox
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kapalikas
Kapalikas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goddesses in the West
Goddesses in the West
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goddess Worship in India
Goddess Worship in India
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hinduism's Tolerance
Hinduism's Tolerance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goddesses in Sanskrit Texts
Goddesses in Sanskrit Texts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's Origins
Durga's Origins
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's unorthodox traits
Durga's unorthodox traits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's Creation
Durga's Creation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's Beauty and Combat
Durga's Beauty and Combat
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's Marriage Condition
Durga's Marriage Condition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kali's Origin
Kali's Origin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unity in Diversity
Unity in Diversity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parvati's Transformation
Parvati's Transformation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goddesses' Individuality
Goddesses' Individuality
Signup and view all the flashcards
The Devi Mahatmya's Significance
The Devi Mahatmya's Significance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durga's Habitats
Durga's Habitats
Signup and view all the flashcards
Seven Cities
Seven Cities
Signup and view all the flashcards
Four Divine Abodes
Four Divine Abodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Jyotirlinga
Jyotirlinga
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mahatmyas
Mahatmyas
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kashi Khanda
Kashi Khanda
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kashi (Banaras)
Kashi (Banaras)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Early Bhakti Movements
Early Bhakti Movements
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bhakti Literature
Bhakti Literature
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basavanna, Nammalvar, Sundaramurti
Basavanna, Nammalvar, Sundaramurti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shift in Bhakti Emphasis
Shift in Bhakti Emphasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Puranas
- Puranas are a category of smritis, claiming Vedic connection (like Mahabharata being the 5th Veda).
- Their primary goal was to establish Vedic authority and Brahmin superiority.
- They incorporated local traditions to address challenges to the brahmanical order.
Evolution of Puranas
- Puranas existed before the Common Era (references in Dharmasutras and Mahabharata).
- Extant Puranas were composed and revised from the 4th-5th centuries CE, continuing for centuries.
- Revisions included adding chapters, substituting old portions, and combining new works with old titles.
Upa-Puranas
- Upa-Puranas are compilations significant for India's social and religious history from the Gupta period.
- Proposed number of Upa-Puranas is 18. Estimated dates of formation are between 650-800 CE.
- Upa-Puranas are often viewed as subsections or later elaborations of the 18 major Puranas.
- They reflect regional traditions and the diverse needs of different sects/cults.
Puranic Religions
Vaishnavism
- Emerged during the Mahabharata and Ramayana periods, assimilating deities from various traditions.
- Key cults include Vishnu, Narayana, and Krishna-Vasudeva, merging over time.
- Vishnu, originally a solar deity, gained prominence in later mythology.
- Narayana, a non-Vedic deity associated with the Pancharatra Sattra, became prominent through later texts.
Shaivism
- Evolved incrementally incorporating deities of diverse traditions.
- Often associated with Rudra, a Vedic deity initially depicted as fierce.
- The tension between asceticism and eroticism is significant in Shiva's portrayal.
Shaktism
- Shakti, the goddess, was not a paramount deity in Vedic religion, but had importance in pre-Vedic and contemporary practices.
- The Devi Mahatmya, a section of the Markandeya Purana, describes the Goddess's birth and exploits.
- Durga, often associated with mountains and tribal communities, received sacrifices contrasting with the brahmanical norm.
- Kali, another prominent Shakta goddess, is portrayed as frightening and connected to destruction/creation cycles.
Images and Iconography
- Images are consecrated (Prana-Pratishtha) to become representations of the divine.
- Images depict specific myths, deities, or combinations.
- Vaishnava images often feature four arms and Vishnu's symbols.
- Shaiva iconography includes Nataraja (dance of creation/destruction) and Shiva Linga (representing the phallus).
Temples
- Temple construction emerged as image worship became more established, representing the divine in sacred space.
- Temples are constructed/maintained/followed established norms of design and proportions.
Pilgrimage and Centres of Pilgrimage (Tirthas)
- "Tirtha" designates sacred crossing-places, often at river fords, and viewed as avenues for spiritual advancement.
- Sacred places, like Banaras (Kashi) and numerous others, are associated with specific deities and spiritual significance.
- Pilgrims' prayers are believed stronger at tirthas.
Bhakti
- Bhakti translates to devotion, focusing on personal relationships with a chosen deity.
- Devotees consider the deity as the source/goal of all created things..
- Early South Indian bhakti movements emphasized emotion over knowledge, used vernacular languages (Tamil), and celebrated lower castes.
Early Bhakti in South
- Early Tamil bhakti movements (5th-9th centuries CE) are important for emotional expressions of devotion, using vernacular, and involving both Shaivas and Vaishnavas.
- The Nayanars are Shaiva poets and the Alvars are Vaishnava poets who promoted a more emotionally direct approach to their worship.
- Bhakti hymns and vernacular languages challenged the existing social hierarchies existing around the classical Brahman approach.
Virashaivism
- A militant Shaiva sect, founded by Basavanna, focused on equality and rejection of caste distinctions.
- Virashaivas (Lingayats) emphasized the individual's personal connection with Shiva through a worn linga.
- Lingayats challenged existing brahmanical norms.
Tantricism
- Tantrism involves techniques of worship applicable to many religious traditions.
- Core concepts are mantras, mudras, yantras, and the concept of Kundalini.
- Important for understanding the components of the divine, involving both male/female principals.
Miscellaneous
- Religious patronage and the rise of new polities often influenced religious development and vice versa, through supporting different sects and local cults.
- Religious growth saw numerous sects and regional differences in medieval India.
- Integration/assimilation of different elements, including the non-Brahmanical, was evident in various regions.
Case Studies
- Detailed case studies of Pandharpur (Viththal) and Velapur (Haraharesvara) depict the complex interplay of local traditions with emerging political powers (Yadavas), and the process of temple/cult development and legitimacy.
- These case studies showcase how religious practices and local traditions intertwined with the rise/influence of regional kingdoms.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the Puranas, a significant category of smritis in Indian literature that claim Vedic authority. It covers the evolution of these texts, the characteristics of Upa-Puranas, and their role in India's social and religious history. Test your knowledge on these ancient texts that reflect diverse regional traditions and beliefs.
