Podcast
Questions and Answers
What initiates the electrical impulse for heart conduction?
What initiates the electrical impulse for heart conduction?
The pulse rate in females is typically less than in males.
The pulse rate in females is typically less than in males.
False (B)
What is the normal stroke volume (SV) in milliliters?
What is the normal stroke volume (SV) in milliliters?
70
Cardiac output (CO) is calculated by the formula CO = SV x ______.
Cardiac output (CO) is calculated by the formula CO = SV x ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following pulse characteristics with their definitions:
Match the following pulse characteristics with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of increased blood volume on heart rate?
What is the effect of increased blood volume on heart rate?
Signup and view all the answers
The cardiac centers in the medulla only inhibit heart rate.
The cardiac centers in the medulla only inhibit heart rate.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the aorta during each ventricular contraction?
What is the role of the aorta during each ventricular contraction?
Signup and view all the answers
Sensory impulses from the heart can reflexively stimulate the ______ nervous system to slow the heart rate.
Sensory impulses from the heart can reflexively stimulate the ______ nervous system to slow the heart rate.
Signup and view all the answers
What factor does NOT affect pulse rate?
What factor does NOT affect pulse rate?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does exercise have on pulse rate?
What effect does exercise have on pulse rate?
Signup and view all the answers
Prolonged application of cold decreases pulse rate.
Prolonged application of cold decreases pulse rate.
Signup and view all the answers
What is pulse rhythm?
What is pulse rhythm?
Signup and view all the answers
A positive chronotropic drug, like ________, increases pulse rate.
A positive chronotropic drug, like ________, increases pulse rate.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following conditions with their effect on pulse rate:
Match the following conditions with their effect on pulse rate:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the differences between the apical and radial pulse rates?
What is the term for the differences between the apical and radial pulse rates?
Signup and view all the answers
Stress and emotions can decrease the pulse rate.
Stress and emotions can decrease the pulse rate.
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do pulmonary conditions have on pulse rate?
What effect do pulmonary conditions have on pulse rate?
Signup and view all the answers
The ________ method involves palpating the pulse using the tips of the fingers.
The ________ method involves palpating the pulse using the tips of the fingers.
Signup and view all the answers
How can pulse strength be graded?
How can pulse strength be graded?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of auscultating the apical pulse?
What is the purpose of auscultating the apical pulse?
Signup and view all the answers
The bell of the stethoscope is primarily used for high-frequency sounds.
The bell of the stethoscope is primarily used for high-frequency sounds.
Signup and view all the answers
What are two types of abnormal pulse rates?
What are two types of abnormal pulse rates?
Signup and view all the answers
A pulse rate above ___ beats per minute is considered tachycardia.
A pulse rate above ___ beats per minute is considered tachycardia.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following pulse points with their corresponding locations:
Match the following pulse points with their corresponding locations:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an irregular pulse and often results in a pulse deficit?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an irregular pulse and often results in a pulse deficit?
Signup and view all the answers
Pulsus Bigeminus occurs when a weak premature beat alternates with a strong normal beat.
Pulsus Bigeminus occurs when a weak premature beat alternates with a strong normal beat.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the heart rate range for ventricular tachycardia?
What is the heart rate range for ventricular tachycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
The main components of a stethoscope are the earpiece, binaural, tubing, and ___ .
The main components of a stethoscope are the earpiece, binaural, tubing, and ___ .
Signup and view all the answers
Which pulse site is located at the back of the knee?
Which pulse site is located at the back of the knee?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle
Alternating expansion and recoil of arteries during each heartbeat.
Pulse
Pulse
Waves of blood forced through arteries by the heart's contraction.
SA Node
SA Node
The heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses.
Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulse Rate
Pulse Rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulse Characteristics
Pulse Characteristics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac Centers (Brain Stem)
Cardiac Centers (Brain Stem)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Volume & Pulse
Blood Volume & Pulse
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to pulse rate during exercise?
What happens to pulse rate during exercise?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does temperature affect pulse rate?
How does temperature affect pulse rate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Impact of stress on pulse rate?
Impact of stress on pulse rate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What do positive chronotropic drugs do?
What do positive chronotropic drugs do?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to pulse rate during hemorrhage?
What happens to pulse rate during hemorrhage?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does position affect pulse rate?
How does position affect pulse rate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a regular pulse rhythm?
What is a regular pulse rhythm?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an arrhythmia?
What is an arrhythmia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a pulse deficit?
What is a pulse deficit?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does pulse volume indicate?
What does pulse volume indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Auscultation
Auscultation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Apical Pulse
Apical Pulse
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stethoscope
Stethoscope
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bell (of Stethoscope)
Bell (of Stethoscope)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diaphragm (of Stethoscope)
Diaphragm (of Stethoscope)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tachycardia
Tachycardia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bradycardia
Bradycardia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulsus Bigeminus (Bigeminy)
Pulsus Bigeminus (Bigeminy)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulsus Trigeminus (Trigeminy)
Pulsus Trigeminus (Trigeminy)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular Tachycardia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Pulse
- The stimulus for heart conduction normally begins as an electrical impulse in the sinoatrial (SA) node of the right atrium.
- In adults, the SA node initiates impulses 60-100 times per minute.
- The electrical impulse rapidly spreads through the conduction system to the rest of the heart, causing heart muscle fibers to contract synchronously.
- Pulse refers to waves of blood forced through arteries due to left ventricle contraction.
Definitions of Pulse
- Pulse is the wave of blood created by the alternating expansion and recoil of arteries during each cardiac cycle.
Physiology and Regulation of Pulse
- Blood flows continuously through the body.
- Cardiac centers in the medulla of the brain stem control the heart through sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations.
- Cardiac centers adjust heart rate in response to sensory input.
- For example, increased blood volume in the aortic arch triggers sensory impulses that slow the heart rate through the parasympathetic nervous system.
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
- Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat (typically 70 ml).
- Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pushed by the ventricles per minute (calculated as CO = SV x HR).
- Blood volume directly influences heart rate (HR): increased blood volume leads to a decreased HR, and decreased blood volume leads to an increased HR.
- The heart maintains a relatively constant circulatory blood flow, with approximately 70-72 ml of blood entering the aorta with each ventricular contraction.
Characteristics of Pulse
- Pulse characteristics include rate, rhythm, and volume (or amplitude/strength).
- Rate: Number of pulsations felt over an artery per minute.
- Factors influencing pulse rate include age, sex (females tend to have slightly higher pulse rates than males until menopause), exercise/muscular activity, temperature, stress/emotions, medications (positive/negative chronotropic), hemorrhage, and position changes.
- Elevated temperatures lead to increased pulse rates. Prolonged heat exposure often increases pulse rate.
- Rhythm: Intervals between pulse beats.
- A regular rhythm indicates equal time intervals between beats.
- Irregular rhythm (arrhythmia or dysrhythmia) results from early, late, or missed beats.
Pulse Deficit
- A pulse deficit occurs when the apical pulse rate is greater than the peripheral pulse rate.
- This indicates an inefficient contraction of the heart that fails to transmit a pulse wave to peripheral pulse sites.
- To assess a pulse deficit, compare radial and apical pulse rates.
Pulse Volume
- Pulse strength reflects blood volume ejected against arterial walls with each heartbeat, and the condition of the arterial system.
- Pulse strength typically remains constant with each heartbeat.
- Pulse strength can be graded or described as normal, thready, weak, or bounding.
Assessing Pulse
- Methods include palpation (using the fingertips of the middle three fingers) and auscultation (using a stethoscope, usually for apical pulse).
- Palpation can be used to assess rate, rhythm and volume.
- Auscultation is more useful when assessing irregular rhythms or when peripheral pulses are difficult to feel.
Stethoscope
- A stethoscope has four major parts: earpieces, binaural tubing, and a chest piece (which includes a bell and a diaphragm).
Pulse Sites
- Specific locations on the body where a pulse can be palpated (e.g., carotid, radial, brachial, femoral).
Abnormal Pulse
- Tachycardia: abnormally elevated pulse rate (over 100 beats per minute in adults).
- Bradycardia: abnormally slow pulse rate (below 60 beats per minute in adults).
- Pulsus bigeminus (bigeminy): premature beats (weak) alternating with normal sinus beats (strong).
- Pulsus trigeminus (trigeminy): premature beat alternating with two normal sinus beats.
- Ventricular tachycardia: weak pulse (heart rate 150-250 beats per minute) from a hyper-excitable focus in ventricles.
- Atrial fibrillation: irregular, very weak, and often palpable pulse; pulse deficit and palpitation due to multiple, uncoordinated impulses in the atria.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz focuses on the physiology and regulation of pulse, detailing how the heart's conduction system works, starting from the sinoatrial node. Learn about the role of the cardiac centers in regulating heart rate and the significance of blood flow through the arteries. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts of cardiovascular physiology.
