Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a health policy decision made at the business level?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a health policy decision made at the business level?
- A school district deciding to include comprehensive sex education in its curriculum.
- A national government implementing a sugar tax on sweetened beverages to combat obesity.
- A state government increasing funding for mental health services in rural areas.
- A hospital establishing a policy for mandatory hand hygiene among all staff to reduce hospital-acquired infections. (correct)
According to the definition provided, what constitutes 'public policy'?
According to the definition provided, what constitutes 'public policy'?
- Any decision made by an organization, whether public or private, affecting a specific area.
- Private sector regulations that impact public health.
- Government decisions to act or not act on a particular issue. (correct)
- Policies enacted by non-governmental organizations to address social problems.
Which 'lens' focuses primarily on the distribution of limited resources within the healthcare system?
Which 'lens' focuses primarily on the distribution of limited resources within the healthcare system?
- The health care lens
- The economic lens (correct)
- The political lens
- The public health lens
A country implements a nationwide program promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools to reduce childhood obesity rates. Through which 'lens' is this policy primarily viewed?
A country implements a nationwide program promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools to reduce childhood obesity rates. Through which 'lens' is this policy primarily viewed?
Which of the following best illustrates how health policies influence determinants of health beyond direct healthcare services?
Which of the following best illustrates how health policies influence determinants of health beyond direct healthcare services?
A state government introduces a tax on sugary drinks, with the revenue earmarked for funding public health initiatives. This policy primarily demonstrates:
A state government introduces a tax on sugary drinks, with the revenue earmarked for funding public health initiatives. This policy primarily demonstrates:
In the health policy triangle framework, 'actors' are BEST described as:
In the health policy triangle framework, 'actors' are BEST described as:
Which element of the health policy triangle encompasses the political climate and conditions that influence policy change and implementation?
Which element of the health policy triangle encompasses the political climate and conditions that influence policy change and implementation?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how 'power' is defined in the context of health policy actors and their influence?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how 'power' is defined in the context of health policy actors and their influence?
Which factor would be considered a structural factor influencing health policy?
Which factor would be considered a structural factor influencing health policy?
A new health policy is being developed to address rising rates of diabetes. Using the health policy triangle, what would be the MOST relevant initial step that can be undertaken?
A new health policy is being developed to address rising rates of diabetes. Using the health policy triangle, what would be the MOST relevant initial step that can be undertaken?
In the context of health policy, what BEST describes 'context'?
In the context of health policy, what BEST describes 'context'?
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous factor that could influence a nation's health policy?
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous factor that could influence a nation's health policy?
According to the health policy model, what is considered the FIRST step in making or changing policy?
According to the health policy model, what is considered the FIRST step in making or changing policy?
Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates how a 'change in actors' can influence the health policy agenda?
Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates how a 'change in actors' can influence the health policy agenda?
How can 'analysis of policy' be an effective way to develop new policy?
How can 'analysis of policy' be an effective way to develop new policy?
Which factor MOST directly influences whether a specific health issue is prioritized on a government's policy agenda?
Which factor MOST directly influences whether a specific health issue is prioritized on a government's policy agenda?
How can the framing of a health issue influence policy outcomes?
How can the framing of a health issue influence policy outcomes?
A non-governmental organization (NGO) seeks to bring attention to a neglected tropical disease. What strategy would MOST effectively place this issue on a government's health policy agenda?
A non-governmental organization (NGO) seeks to bring attention to a neglected tropical disease. What strategy would MOST effectively place this issue on a government's health policy agenda?
Why must governments prioritize certain issues over others when setting health policy agendas?
Why must governments prioritize certain issues over others when setting health policy agendas?
What role do routine changes and emerging information play in shaping a government's health policy agenda?
What role do routine changes and emerging information play in shaping a government's health policy agenda?
How did the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) demonstrate the power of a government to influence international health policy, and what criticisms did it face?
How did the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) demonstrate the power of a government to influence international health policy, and what criticisms did it face?
Considering the ban on Bisphenol A (BPA) in Canada in 2010, what does this example illustrate about how health policy agendas evolve?
Considering the ban on Bisphenol A (BPA) in Canada in 2010, what does this example illustrate about how health policy agendas evolve?
A government is debating whether to implement a tax on sugary drinks to combat obesity. Which of the following factors would LEAST likely influence the inclusion of this issue on the health policy agenda?
A government is debating whether to implement a tax on sugary drinks to combat obesity. Which of the following factors would LEAST likely influence the inclusion of this issue on the health policy agenda?
Flashcards
Policy
Policy
Decisions made by those responsible for a specific area like health, environment, or education.
Public Policy
Public Policy
Government decisions about what it chooses to do or not do.
Health Policy
Health Policy
Public and private policies affecting health institutions, organizations, services, and funding.
Economic Lens (Health Policy)
Economic Lens (Health Policy)
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Public Health Lens (Health Policy)
Public Health Lens (Health Policy)
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Health Care Lens (Health Policy)
Health Care Lens (Health Policy)
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Content of Policy
Content of Policy
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Actors (in Health Policy)
Actors (in Health Policy)
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Health Policy Actors
Health Policy Actors
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Lobbyists
Lobbyists
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Policy Context
Policy Context
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Situational Factors
Situational Factors
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Structural Factors
Structural Factors
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Exogenous Factors
Exogenous Factors
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Policy Process
Policy Process
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Problem Identification
Problem Identification
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Health Policy Agenda Issues
Health Policy Agenda Issues
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Health System Funding
Health System Funding
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Issue Recognition
Issue Recognition
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Framing of an Issue
Framing of an Issue
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Power in Policy
Power in Policy
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Primary Health Policy Agenda Setters
Primary Health Policy Agenda Setters
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Influencing Health Policy
Influencing Health Policy
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Government Prioritization
Government Prioritization
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Study Notes
- Decisions taken by those responsible for a specific area is policy
- Policy may address health, the environment, education, or trade
- Policy is formed at multiple levels from government to business, hospitals, and schools, both public and private
Public Policy
- Refers to government policy
- Involves what the government chooses to do or not do
- Inaction on an issue constitutes policy
Health Policy
- Public and private policies regarding health influence the institutions, organizations, services, and funding of the public health and healthcare systems
Analyzing Health Policies
- Health policy interrelates with politics
- Variations exist in policy between countries
- Variations exist in the drivers of policy
- Resources are allocated economically to improve population health
- Public health strategies impact the determinants of health
- Healthcare strategies affect health services for individuals
- The content of a policy defines what a particular health policy is meant to achieve and establishes goals
- The social and political conditions are the context of a policy, affecting implementation and change
Why Health Policy Matters
- Health is influenced by factors outside of healthcare
- Policy heavily influences determinants of health like poverty, environment, and education
- Policies can have economic implications
- Policies can create protective measures from health hazards like food safety
- Policies can influence service access and availability
- Policies can impact healthcare funding
Health Policy Triangle
- The health policy triangle involves context, actors, content and process
Actors
- Actors are those who make and/or influence policy
- Actors are central to Health policy framework
- Actors can be individuals, groups, or organizations
- Entities outside the government can influence health policy
- Lobbyists, corporations, NGOs, and topic experts may influence policy
- Policy influence of specific health actors relates to power
- Relationship between 'agency' and 'structure' often defines power
Context
- Context includes political, economic, and international factors that influence health policy
- Situational factors include wars, natural disasters, and outbreaks
- Structural factors include political systems and demographic features
- Cultural factors include gender imbalances, ethnic division, and inequality.
- Outside influences include international relationships and nationalism vs globalism
- Time influences context
The Policy Making Process
- Policy making involves development, negotiation, communication, implementation, and evaluation
Using the Health Policy Triangle
- Health policy triangles can proactively plan policy or retroactively analyze it
- Can proactively plan 'for' a policy or retroactively analyze 'of' policy
- Analysis of policy can effectively prompt new policy
- Understanding the four parts of the policy triangle is an important step to undertake planning or developing policy
Setting Health Policy Agendas
- The health policy model uses 'problem identification' as the initial step for making or changing policy
- Changes in context, disease patterns, and shifts in actors can be catalysts for issue importance
Policy Agenda
- Policy agendas include issues that government officials are closely monitoring
Current Policy Agenda
- The current policy agenda includes COVID-19 related policies
- Current topics are mask mandates, physical distancing, and limiting access to specific businesses
- Funding options are supporting financial costs of maintaining the health system
Issues on Policy Agenda
- Some issues, like COVID-19, receive immediate widespread attention
- Others are routine government priorities with routine policy revisions
- Important health issues arise consistently
- Issues such as aging populations can be anticipated and planned for
The Importance of Power
- Recognizing and normalizing something as an issue is required for a government to respond via policy
- Ideologies, assumptions, and public perception influence the framing of an issue which affects its perception and how it will be addressed
- Conflicting perspectives on framing can lead to disagreement
- Influencing the framing of an issue gives actors the power to impact how the issue is addressed
Setting the Agenda
- Governments take the lead in setting the agenda and can have significant international influence
- The US EPA influences environmental policy
- President George W Bush initiated PEPFAR to address the global HIV epidemic
- The ABC approach (abstinence, be faithful, condom use) influenced AIDs policy in Central and Southern Africa
- Governments prioritize issues to address due to the volume of issues
Media's Role
- Media outlets can guide public opinion on specific issues
- Government use social media to bring issues to public consciousness
- Social media assists governments in evaluating public opinion
- Social media adjusts methods in which the public and organizations can impact policy agendas
- Mass media corporations use media outlets to guide agendas
Real Policy Scenario: BPA Exposure
- BPA is an industrial chemical used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins such as food and water bottles
- Exposure comes almost 100% from dietary sources
- BPA can migrate from handled heated food packaging
- BPA is quickly absorped after consumption
- BPA metabolizes in the liver into BPA-G
- BPA is excreted in urine and has a half life of 6 hours
- BPA is recognized as an endocrine disruptor and a possible estrogenic mimic
- BPA has potential toxic effects in-utero and on newborns
BPA Concentrations in Canada
- Statistics Canada measured urinary BPA in 5,476 Canadians aged 6-79 between 2007-2009
- BPA was detected in 91% of urine samples
- Average urinary BPA-G level was 1.16 μg/L (95%CI 1.08 to 1.24) for the population
- Average urinary BPA-G level was 1.30 μg/L (95%CI 1.17 to 1.45) for children 6-11
- Urinary BPA concentrations were <0.1µg dietary intake/kg body weight a day
- BPA is 40-500 times below the Health Canada and European Food Safety Authority exposure safety level
- Meta analysis is 50,000 times lower than the US EPA safety level
- Canada has declared BPA toxic, replacing it with BPS
- BPS replacement hinders heart function
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Description
Explore public and health policy, including its formation at various levels of government, business, and healthcare. Learn how health policies influence healthcare systems and their funding. Analyze the political interrelations, variations, and economic allocation of resources in public health and healthcare strategies.
