BIOMED 1 - Moodle quiz
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Questions and Answers

Bacteria are prokaryotes. What does this mean?

  • Have a nucleus
  • Don't have a nucleus (correct)
  • They are small
  • They can move

Bacteria can move. What is the name of the structure that moves them?

  • Flagellum (correct)
  • Whip
  • Appendage
  • Tail

Examples of oral conditions caused by bacteria are …

  • Periodontal disease (correct)
  • Thrush
  • Coldsores
  • Caries (correct)

The cell wall of gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins during cell lysis

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell wall of gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins whilst the bacteria is replicating

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you NOT expect to find in cell structure?

<p>Microflora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is INCORRECT?

<p>Plays an important part in cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is INCORRECT?

<p>The outer layer is covered with cilia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nucleus is INCORRECT?

<p>Is the smallest feature in a cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false?

<p>The plasma membrane comprises a single layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

<p>Each daughter nuclei contains 34 chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle contains enzymes to digest foreign material?

<p>Lysosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the power house of the cell?

<p>Mitochondrion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungal microflora is present throughout the human body

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diversity of fungal presence varies from person to person but will remain the same for all sites on an individual

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structural forms of fungi are

<p>Mould (B), Yeast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term commensal microflora refers to the pathogenic nature of micro-organisms to the host

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term dimorphic relates to the ability of fungi to

<p>Switch between being a yeast and a mould (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements on fungi are true?

<p>Fungi are oral commensals of approximately 50% of humans (A), Fungal mycelium contains an abundance of hyphal elements (B), Fungi are eukaryotic organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yeast is unlike bacteria in being

<p>Unicellular (A), Eukaryotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a virus exhibiting viral latency is

<p>Herpes zoster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic material of a virus can be

<p>RNA (A), DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Penetration occurs by the following

<p>Translocation (A), Fusion (B), Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct order of replication of viruses

<p>Adsorption, Penetration, Uncoating, Transcription, Synthesis of viral components, Assembly, Release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are predominantly made out of

<p>Large cells with nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can multiply by asexual and sexual reproduction

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses not classed as living organisms

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to survive, pathogens require a source of nutrients, protection from harmful elements and:

<p>Colonization of a niche in the host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some enveloped viruses use antigenic variation which makes it difficult for the immune system to recognise different strains of the virus. Which type of antigenic variation results in a major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment?

<p>Antigenic shift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen type is always a member of the normal microbiota and only causes disease in an immunocompromised host?

<p>Opportunistic pathogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogen is an environmental microbe that is able to cause disease in an otherwise healthy individual?

<p>Primary pathogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virulence factors can be described as:

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of virulence factors are proteases, nucleases, phospholipases and glycohydrolases?

<p>Exoenzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these virulence factors act as adhesins?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these virulence factors assist in promoting colonization of the host?

<p>Adhesins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these virulence factors enable damage to be caused to the host?

<p>Toxins and exoenzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virulence factor does Porphyromonas Gingivalis use which leads to disregulated immunity in the gingival tissues and breakdown of the structures around the teeth?

<p>Fimbraie and exoenzyme Gingipains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most abundant organisms on the human body are

<p>Microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medicine kills bacteria?

<p>Antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What does it mean when bacteria are prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, which is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).

What is the name of the structure that allows bacteria to move?

A flagellum is a whip-like structure that protrudes from the cell and allows bacteria to move.

Give an example of an oral condition caused by bacteria.

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a bacterial infection of the gums that can lead to tooth loss.

What do gram-negative bacteria release when they die?

Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the bacteria dies.

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What term refers to microorganisms living in a specific environment?

Microflora refers to the community of microorganisms that normally inhabit a particular environment, such as the human body.

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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging and transporting proteins and lipids throughout the cell.

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What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and regulates the movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

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What is the role of the nucleus?

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the DNA that codes for all the proteins the cell needs to function.

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What is the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane is a double layer of phospholipids that forms the outer boundary of the cell and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

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Which organelle breaks down foreign material?

Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes that can break down foreign material, such as bacteria and viruses.

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Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?

Mitochondria are organelles that are responsible for generating energy for the cell.

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Where is fungal microflora found?

Fungal microflora is the collection of fungi that normally inhabit a particular environment, such as the human body.

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Does fungal presence vary from person to person?

The diversity of fungal presence varies from person to person, and even in different locations within the same person.

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What are the different structural forms of fungi?

Fungi can exist in different structural forms, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

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What does the term 'commensal microflora' refer to?

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Most of the microflora in the human body are commensal, meaning they don't cause disease.

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What does the term 'dimorphic' relate to?

Dimorphism refers to the ability of some fungi to switch between two distinct forms, typically between a yeast form and a mold form.

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Are fungi present in the oral cavity?

Fungi are found in the oral cavity of approximately 50% of humans.

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How is yeast different from bacteria?

Yeasts are unicellular fungi, meaning they are single-celled organisms.

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Give an example of a virus exhibiting viral latency.

Viral latency is a state where a virus remains dormant in a host's cells without causing symptoms. Herpes zoster is an example, where the virus can remain dormant for a long time before reactivating and causing shingles.

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What type of genetic material can a virus have?

Viruses have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material, which determines how they replicate.

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How does a virus enter a host cell? Give an example

Penetration is the process by which a virus enters a host cell. Translocation is a mechanism of penetration where the virus enters the cell intact.

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What is the correct order of replication of viruses?

The order of virus replication is: adsorption (attachment), penetration, uncoating (release of viral genome), transcription, synthesis of viral components, assembly (formation of new virions), and release (egress from the cell).

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What is the main component of a virus?

Viruses are not made up of cells but rather consist of a protein coat (capsid) surrounding their genetic material.

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How do viruses multiply?

Viruses multiply only by asexual reproduction, which involves making copies of themselves within a host cell.

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Why aren't viruses considered living organisms?

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack the following characteristics: 1) They don't have a cellular structure. 2) They can't reproduce on their own (they need a host cell). 3) They don't have their own metabolism.

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What are the requirements for a pathogen to survive?

To survive, pathogens require a source of nutrients, protection from harmful elements, and the ability to colonize a niche in the host's body, where they can multiply and spread.

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What type of antigenic variation is caused by gene reassortment?

Antigenic shift is a major change in the spike proteins of a virus due to gene reassortment. This can occur when two different viruses infect the same cell and their genetic material mixes. Antigenic shift can lead to the emergence of new, highly pathogenic viruses.

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What kind of pathogen only causes disease in immunocompromised hosts?

An opportunistic pathogen is a microbe that is a normal member of the body's microbiota but only causes disease when the host's immune system is weakened.

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What type of pathogen can cause disease in a healthy individual?

A primary pathogen is an environmental microbe that can cause disease in any healthy individual.

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What are virulence factors?

Virulence factors are features of a pathogen that contribute to its ability to cause disease. These factors include: 1) Adhesins that help the pathogen attach to host cells. 2) Toxins that damage host cells. 3) Exoenzymes that break down host tissues.

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What kind of virulence factors are proteases, nucleases, phospholipases, and glycohydrolases?

Exoenzymes are enzymes that are secreted by bacteria to break down host tissues. Proteases, nucleases, phospholipases, and glycohydrolases are examples of exoenzymes.

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What kind of virulence factors are pili, fimbriae, capsules, and slime layers?

Adhesins are molecules that help bacteria attach to host cells. Examples include pili, fimbriae, capsules, and slime layers.

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What do adhesins help bacteria do?

Adhesins help bacteria colonize the host by allowing them to attach to host cells and resist being washed away by bodily fluids.

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What kind of virulence factors cause damage to the host?

Toxins and exoenzymes are virulence factors that directly damage host cells and tissues, leading to the symptoms of disease.

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What virulence factors does Porphyromonas gingivalis use and what is the result?

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium that contributes to periodontal disease, uses fimbriae and exoenzymes called gingipains. These factors allow the bacteria to attach to gingival tissues and disrupt the immune system, leading to the breakdown of tissues around the teeth.

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What are the most abundant organisms on the human body?

The most abundant organisms on the human body are microbes, which include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms.

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What type of medicine kills bacteria?

Antibiotics are medications that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. They target specific features of bacterial cells that are not present in human cells, allowing the antibiotic to kill bacteria without harming the host.

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