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Questions and Answers
What was the primary writing system developed by the Maya civilization?
Which of the following contributed to the decline of some Mayan cities during the Classic period?
What significant agricultural advancement was associated with the Aztec civilization?
What was the fate of Tenochtitlán following the arrival of Spanish soldiers in 1519?
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How did the Mexica, the people of the Aztec Empire, primarily record their history and knowledge?
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What defines a prism?
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Which formula calculates the volume of a prism?
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What was a significant aspect of the Mayan civilization's governance?
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What notable achievement allowed for trade among the Maya city-states?
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How did the Maya record their history despite facing record destruction?
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What type of architecture is associated with the Aztecs, Maya, and Inca civilizations?
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What caused a period of increased knowledge and cultural achievement in Europe around the 14th century?
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Which city-state is known for its significant contributions to the Renaissance, particularly in art and culture?
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Who was a significant figure in the Protestant Reformation, known for criticizing Church corruption?
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What was the primary focus of Renaissance humanism?
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Which of the following artists is NOT associated with the Renaissance period?
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What technological advancement during the Renaissance contributed to the spread of knowledge?
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What was the role of the Sapa Inca in the Inca Empire?
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What farming method did the Inca use to adapt to their mountainous environment?
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Which Spanish conqueror led the campaign against the Inca Empire?
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What critical factor contributed to the decline of the Inca Empire?
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What was the purpose of the quipus in the Inca civilization?
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Why did the Europeans' arrival in the New World lead to devastation for the Inca Empire?
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What were the major limitations faced by the Inca, Maya, and Aztec civilizations due to their geographical locations?
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What was one of the primary languages spoken by the Inca?
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Study Notes
Prisms
- Prisms are 3D shapes with parallel sides and congruent polygonal bases.
- Identified by the shape of their base: triangular, square, or pentagonal prisms.
- Surface Area formula: ( \text{Surface Area} = 2B + Ph ) (B = area of base, P = perimeter of base, h = height).
- Volume formula: ( \text{Volume} = Bh ).
The Mayan Empire
- Flourished in Mesoamerica; contributed significantly to modern culture.
- City-states focused on religion, agriculture, and trade prior to Spanish arrival.
- Traded jade, cacao, obsidian, and pottery among city-states.
- Lacked centralized leadership, appealing to scholars today.
- Developed a written language and codices made from tree bark.
Mayan Society
- Each city-state was an independent government led by an Ajaw (king).
- The Maya possessed over 500 writing characters and a unique calendar system based on solar and lunar cycles.
- The stepped pyramid served as a structure for religious worship.
History of the Mayan Empire
- Existed from 1800 BCE to around 900 CE with independent city-states.
- Hieroglyphic writing system recorded culture and history without a single centralized language structure.
- Artworks included murals, sculptures, and ceramics reflecting daily life and religion.
Decline of the Mayan Empire
- Potential causes for decline include climate change, deforestation, and warfare among city-states.
- Spanish colonization introduced new diseases exacerbating the decline.
- Scholars are investigating the multifaceted reasons behind the civilization's collapse.
The Aztec Empire
- A powerful military state in Central Mexico, established by the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlán, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.
- The Mexica settled in Tenochtitlán after a significant omen indicating their future success.
- Conquests fueled the empire's wealth through tributes from subjugated kingdoms.
Aztec Society and Culture
- Known for human sacrifice but also for agricultural innovations and a vibrant daily life.
- The population had a higher standard of living than many contemporary Europeans.
- Expansionist strategies included agricultural techniques like chinampas for farming in swampy conditions.
Aztec Language and Record Keeping
- Language: Nahuatl, primarily oral with a visual mnemonic system for record-keeping.
- Used illustrated books to communicate instead of a full writing system.
The Inca Empire
- Located in the Andes Mountains, ruled by the Sapa Inca, considered a deity.
- Originating in Cusco, the empire expanded under Sapa Inca Pachacuti through peaceful submissions.
- Civil conflict and European diseases contributed to its decline, leading to Spanish conquest.
Incan Society and Communication
- Divisions across four provinces, with Cusco as the capital.
- They utilized stepped agriculture and recorded data using quipus (knotted strings).
- Despite a lack of written language, artistic expressions communicated social status and daily life.
European Conquest of Indigenous Empires
- In 1492, Europeans, including Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, began conquering indigenous empires.
- Conquest introduced diseases and led to significant population declines among the indigenous peoples.
- Resistance persisted for decades even after the Spanish established control.
Geographic and Cultural Context
- The geographic isolation among the Maya, Aztec, and Inca limited collaboration but provided unique cultural developments.
- Each civilization overcame specific environmental challenges—chinampas for Aztecs, terraces for Incas, and agricultural adaptation for Mayans.
Education in Pre-Columbian Civilizations
- Education emphasized engineering and philosophy, with architecture and astronomy as key subjects.
- Monumental architecture using stepped designs was common among Maya and Aztec civilizations.
- The calendar system, particularly elaborate in Maya culture, reflected their astronomical observations.
The Renaissance in Europe
- Lasted from the late 14th to the early 17th century, primarily in Italy, ignited by the end of the Black Plague.
- Innovations such as the printing press facilitated the spread of knowledge and religious reformations, leading to conflicts.
- Major wars and political changes marked this transformative period, with significant contributions in art and scholarship.
Cultural Revival and Humanism
- The Renaissance revived classical Greek and Roman values, focusing on humanism and individualism.
- Artists and thinkers embraced secular themes while merging religion with humanistic perspectives.
- Notable figures included Michelangelo, Raphael, and Renaissance philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli.### Renaissance Overview
- Time Frame: The Renaissance occurred from the 14th to 17th centuries, signifying a 'rebirth' of culture and arts.
- Geographical Focus: The movement was primarily centered in Italy.
- Artistic Shift: Renaissance art emphasized humanism, focusing on human experiences instead of solely religious themes.
- Key Artist: Michelangelo is regarded as one of the greatest artists, known for masterpieces like the Sistine Chapel, David, Pietà, and Moses.
- Innovative Techniques: Use of perspective became a hallmark of Renaissance art exemplified by Pierro della Francesca’s Flagellation of Christ.
- Thematic Diversity: Myths from Greek and Roman culture were as prevalent as religious themes, portraying figures in a more human-like fashion rather than grandiose depictions.
Humanism
- Definition: A belief system that centers human actions and values, integrating a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy and arts.
The Printing Press
- Invention: Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press around 1439, revolutionizing information dissemination.
- Impact: This innovation made books more affordable, contributing to a new intellectual culture and enhancing education.
- Connection to Reformation: The widespread distribution of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 fueled the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church's authority.
The Protestant Reformation
- Initiation: Sparked in 1517 by Martin Luther's 95 Theses, criticizing Church practices like the sale of indulgences.
- Luther’s Background: Luther was tried at the Diet of Worms, declared a heretic, and entered exile, during which he translated the Bible into German, making it accessible to a broader audience.
- Terminology: Supporters of Luther became known as Protestants. The translation of the Bible contributed to the emergence of Protestant denominations, notably Lutheranism.
Key Figures
- Martin Luther: Theologian whose actions initiated the Reformation.
- John Calvin: Associated with Calvinism, which emphasized predestination. Calvin's theology gained traction in various European regions.
- Ulrich Zwingli: Key figure in the Swiss Reformation, differing from Luther on certain beliefs.
Major Events and Concepts
- St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: A violent conflict occurring on August 23-24, 1572, involving the massacre of thousands of Huguenots by Catholics.
- Creation of the Church of England: Established in 1534 as a Protestant denomination, separating from the Catholic Church.
- Plymouth Colony: Founded in 1620 by dissenters seeking religious freedom from the Church of England.
- Spanish Inquisition: Established to enforce Catholic doctrine within the Spanish Empire.
The Counter-Reformation
- Council of Trent: Convened by Popes to address issues raised by the Protestant Reformation and reaffirm Catholic doctrine.
- Response to Corruption: The council enacted reforms to address corruption within the Church and enhanced the education and discipline of clergy.
- Indulgences: The Council ended the sale of indulgences while maintaining the practice of granting them without financial exchange, preserving traditional Catholic beliefs in saints and sacraments as means to salvation.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of prisms, including their definitions, types based on base shapes, and surface area calculations. Discover how different prisms are utilized in real-world structures, such as skyscrapers. Test your knowledge of triangular, square, and pentagonal prisms!
