Week 9 Lec 1

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Questions and Answers

In the context of organizational behavior, which statement most accurately captures the nuanced relationship between power, perception, and dependence?

  • Power is solely an objective attribute, unaffected by perception, and creates dependence irrespective of individual interpretation, operating mechanistically.
  • Power is a subjective assessment contingent on the perceiver's evaluation, fostering dependence only when perceived as strategically advantageous by the influenced entity.
  • Power is a latent capacity actualized through perception, where the extent of dependence is mediated by contextual variables and the target's assessment of substitutability and criticality. (correct)
  • Power, perception, and dependence exhibit unidirectional causality: power intrinsically shapes perception, which, in turn, dictates the degree of dependence within the organizational structure.

Considering the multifaceted sources of power, how does 'Discretion' as a contingency of power, uniquely contribute to an individual's or entity's capacity to exert influence?

  • Discretion diminishes the need for visibility, thus enabling covert influence through behind-the-scenes maneuvering.
  • Discretion strengthens influence through strict adherence to established protocols, thereby reinforcing legitimacy and predictability.
  • Discretion centralizes decision-making authority, which is streamlining power and enhancing accountability across hierarchical scales.
  • Discretion increases influence by providing the freedom to autonomously judge situations and respond creatively; this is unbound by standardized directives. (correct)

Which intricate dynamic exemplifies the interrelation between expert power and managing uncertainties within a volatile business ecology?

  • Expert power serves primarily to reinforce hierarchies and standardize operational protocols: this insulates entities from exogenous uncertainties.
  • Expert power derives potency from the perceived ability to forecast and mitigate adversities; this transforms ambiguity into strategic leverage. (correct)
  • Expert power is augmented in stable environments where predictable patterns allow for optimized resource allocation and minimal disruption.
  • Expert power's utility is inversely proportional to environmental instability, as dynamic conditions render specialized knowledge obsolete.

Examining the implications of "social capital", under what conditions does social capital most effectively translate into tangible power for an individual or organization?

<p>Social capital manifests profoundly in organizations with transparent, reciprocal relationships; this enhances collective coordination and resource sharing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a manager employs 'silent authority' as an influence tactic, what contextual conditions or subordinate characteristics would likely maximize its effectiveness while minimizing potential resistance?

<p>When subordinates deeply respect and trust the manager's expertise, competence, and legitimacy, then silent authority maintains transparency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the ethical dimensions, under what conditions does the application of 'assertiveness' as an influence tactic transition from legitimate leadership to manipulative coercion?

<p>When assertiveness is deployed to suppress dissent, impose unrealistic expectations, and enforce compliance irrespective of individual circumstances, then it can be considered coercion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the realm of organizational influence tactics, under which circumstances would 'information control' be considered ethically justifiable versus an act of organizational manipulation?

<p>Information control is ethically unsound when it's applied to selectively withhold critical information from decision-makers, thus biasing outcomes and consolidating personal power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the dynamics of 'coalition formation' as an influence tactic within organizations, which structural and cultural characteristics most strongly predict the long-term stability and effectiveness of such alliances?

<p>Shared values, complementary resources, and transparent governance: these enable effective coalition building. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concerning the influence tactic of 'upward appeal', what distinguishes a legitimate, strategically sound appeal from a manipulative act of evading responsibility or transferring blame?

<p>A legitimate upward appeal is characterized by transparent communication, verifiable data, and a genuine effort to integrate perspectives at multiple hierarchical scales within organizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating the effectiveness of 'persuasion' as an influence tactic, what combination of audience characteristics, message content, and contextual factors would result in the most durable attitudinal change?

<p>High intellectual engagement, logical arguments, credible and unbiased sources: this creates lasting persuasion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is 'impression management' most likely to yield genuine career advancement versus creating a superficial perception that ultimately undermines long-term professional credibility?

<p>Impression management enhances career trajectory when it involves consistently demonstrating authentic expertise, fostering trust-based relationships, and embracing organizational values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which circumstances does 'exchange' as an influence tactic, particularly promising benefits or resources for compliance, risk undermining organizational integrity and fostering a culture of quid pro quo?

<p>Exchange undermines ethical standards when the promised benefits bypass established protocols, incentivize unethical acts, and foster a climate of favoritism and corruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organizational politics is typically defined as influence tactics for personal gain. How is this different from beneficial, and ethical, influence?

<p>Beneficial influence openly enhances collective goals and aligns with organizational values, while organizational politics prioritizes individual agendas; this potentially compromises overall effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key differences that fundamentally distinguish legitimate power from coercive power and how do these differences impact employee engagement?

<p>Legitimate power fosters willing compliance and engagement, while coercive power engenders resistance, fear, and disengagement, ultimately undermining the company. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of organizational power dynamics, how does the concept of 'nonsubstitutability' interact with an individual's or department's overall influence within an organization?

<p>Nonsubstitutability enhances influence because it makes a contribution essentially irreplaceable or inimitable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do an individual's political skills modify the relationship between their use of impression management and their long-term career success?

<p>High political skill amplifies the beneficial effects of impression management; building trust and respect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference between supervisors that engage in ingratiation and impression management compared to supervisors that do not?

<p>Supervisors who engage in ingratiation and impression management tend to lose the respect of their staff. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When selling vacuum cleaners, Bill always explains to customers that the product he sells is more expensive than other brands but does a better job. This is an example of the persuasion tactic known as what?

<p>The inoculation effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do feelings of power impact ones perceptions?

<p>People who feel powerful have less accurate perceptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Power exists when others believe who has it?

<p>Power exists when others believe you have power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Power?

The capability of a person, team, or organization to influence others.

Legitimate Power

Power derived from having a specific role allowing one to request certain behaviors from others.

Reward Power

Power from the ability to control the allocation of valued rewards to others.

Coercive Power

Power from the ability to apply punishment when needed.

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Expert Power

Power from the perceived ability to manage uncertainties in a business environment.

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Referent Power

Power from others identifying with, liking, or respecting an individual.

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Nonsubstitutability

A contingency of power referring to the uniqueness of your skillset.

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Centrality (Power)

A contingency of power referring to how central you are to the operation.

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Visibility (Power)

A contingency of power referring to how visible you are.

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Discretion (Power)

A contingency of power referring to the freedom to make judgements and decisions.

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Social Capital

The knowledge, opportunities, and other resources available through one's social network.

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Silent Authority

Influencing behavior through legitimate power without explicitly referencing that power base.

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Assertiveness (influence)

Actively applying legitimate and coercive power by applying pressure or threats.

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Information Control

Explicitly manipulating someone else's access to information to change attitudes and behaviors.

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Coalition Formation

Attempting to influence others by forming a group that pools resources and power.

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Upward Appeal

Relying on people with higher authority or expertise to support your position.

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Persuasion (influence)

Using logical arguments, factual evidence, and emotional appeals to convince people of the value of a request.

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Impression Management

Actively shaping perceptions and attitudes others have of you through presentation and other means.

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Exchange (influence)

Promising benefits or resources in exchange for the target person’s compliance.

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Organizational Politics

Using influence tactics for personal gain at the expense of others and the organization.

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Study Notes

Power Defined

  • Power is the capability of an individual, team, or organization to influence others

Aspects of Power

  • Potential
  • Perception
  • Dependence

Sources of Power

  • Power stems from both formal positions/informal roles and personal characteristics

Formal Position/Informal Role Sources

  • Legitimate: The ability to request certain behaviors from others based on one's role
  • Reward: The capacity to control the distribution of valued rewards to others
  • Coercive: The ability to apply punishment

Power from Personal Characteristics

  • Expert: The perceived ability to manage uncertainties in the business environment
  • Referent: When others identify with, like, or respect an individual

Contingencies of Power

  • Nonsubstitutability
  • Centrality
  • Visibility
  • Discretion

Social Capital

  • Encompasses knowledge, opportunities, and resources available through social networks
  • It's facilitated by mutual support, trust, reciprocity, and coordination

Influence Tactics

  • These tactics are integrated into the social structure of organizations.
  • Silent Authority: Influencing behavior via legitimate power, without explicit reference
  • Assertiveness: Active use of legitimate/coercive power through pressure or threats
  • Information Control: Manipulating access to information to alter attitudes/behaviors
  • Coalition Formation: Forming a group to influence others by pooling resources/power
  • Upward Appeal: Symbolically appealing to higher authority/expertise
  • Persuasion: Using logic, facts, and emotions to highlight the value of a request
  • Impression Management: Shaping perceptions/attitudes, including ingratiation to be liked
  • Exchange: Promising benefits/resources for compliance

Organizational Politics

  • The use of influence tactics for personal gain at the expense of others and the organization

Key Points on Power

  • Power exists when others believe you have it
  • It can change someone's attitude
  • People who feel powerful have less accurate perceptions
  • Using logical arguments, factual evidence, and emotional appeals to convince people of the value of a request.
  • Ingratiation and impression management by supervisors can cause them to lose staff respect

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