Psychology Chapter 45.4-46 Understanding Poverty and Social Exclusion
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Questions and Answers

What typically limits access to needed healthcare for low-income individuals?

  • Increased insurance coverage
  • Higher pain tolerance due to race
  • Access to specialized care
  • Affordability of expensive treatments (correct)

    • What is a major consequence of conducting medical research primarily on men?

  • It increases the number of treatments available for all genders.
  • It leads to better outcomes for women.
  • It eliminates healthcare disparities between genders.
  • It develops treatment protocols that may not be effective for women. (correct)

    • Which stereotype can affect the pain treatment given to Black patients?

  • Perception that Black patients are less compliant with treatment.
  • Expectation that Black patients report pain more frequently.
  • Belief that Black patients seek less medical care.
  • Assumption that Black patients have a higher pain tolerance. (correct)

    • Urbanization primarily leads to a shift from which of the following to centralized cities?

    <p>Rural agricultural communities to urban environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when a significant number of families move from densely populated city centers to suburbs?

    <p>Suburbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of gentrification in lower-income neighborhoods?

    <p>Rising property values due to influx of higher-income residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does industrialization typically develop according to the context provided?

    <p>Systems of production based on efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can significantly contribute to the decline of urban areas?

    <p>Large population shifts to surrounding suburbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are social movement strategies primarily concerned with?

    <p>The organization and planning of resources to promote goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a social movement tactic?

    <p>Protests, strikes, and marches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically marks the beginning of a social movement's organization?

    <p>A shared idea or goal among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines absolute poverty?

    <p>Inability to secure basic necessities like food and shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible outcome of a social movement, regardless of its success or failure?

    <p>It can create lasting change in societal awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is relative poverty distinguished from absolute poverty?

    <p>It is based on societal average living standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the demographic transition model describes a period of high birth and death rates?

    <p>Stage 1: preindustrial societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of social stratification related to poverty?

    <p>Social exclusion of individuals with stigmatized identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of the demographic transition does the death rate typically begin to drop?

    <p>Stage 2: early industrializing societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the demographic transition model illustrate about population changes?

    <p>There are predictable stages of population growth and decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the poverty line play in identifying poverty?

    <p>It determines who qualifies for social services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with the demographic transition from high to low birth and death rates?

    <p>Increased immigration leading to population fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies relative poverty?

    <p>Having a job but living in a dilapidated apartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes social exclusion in the context of poverty?

    <p>Isolation from regular social and economic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact of social stratification on healthcare?

    <p>Disparities in the delivery of healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might unhoused individuals be physically removed from public spaces?

    <p>To maintain community cleanliness and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic groups are most affected by health disparities?

    <p>Racial minorities and individuals in lower class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key macro-level factor influencing individual health outcomes?

    <p>Employment opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health outcome is notably higher among Black individuals compared to other racial groups?

    <p>Hypertension rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do healthcare disparities generally affect marginalized demographic groups?

    <p>They result in unequal access to healthcare services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to increased life expectancy among women compared to men in the United States?

    <p>Lower rates of smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the healthcare system is most likely to exacerbate healthcare disparities?

    <p>Institutional discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a micro-level factor affecting health outcomes?

    <p>Individual lifestyle choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social class status influence exposure to health risks?

    <p>Affluent groups can be more insulated from health risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to birth rates as societies transition from urbanization to Stage 3 of the demographic transition model?

    <p>Birth rates begin to decline as access to contraception increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Malthusian theory of population growth, what is the expected relationship between population growth and resource availability?

    <p>Population grows exponentially while resource availability increases linearly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive checks in the context of the Malthusian theory?

    <p>Factors that increase the death rate to control population size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a broad base and a narrow top, indicating a developing country with high birth and death rates?

    <p>Expanding pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of a stationary population pyramid?

    <p>A broad base and broad top, indicating a stable population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Stage 4 of the demographic transition model, which statement is true regarding population growth?

    <p>Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in slow population growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome in Stage 5 of the demographic transition model?

    <p>Population may decline due to very low birth rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do small-scale positive checks differ from large-scale positive checks?

    <p>Small-scale checks involve individual health events, while large-scale checks involve widespread events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes absolute poverty?

    <p>Inability to secure basic necessities of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does relative poverty differ from absolute poverty?

    <p>Relative poverty signifies a standard of living below average despite meeting basic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of social exclusion related to poverty?

    <p>Limited participation in social life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the poverty line is correct?

    <p>It identifies the minimum income required to meet basic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of social stratification on healthcare?

    <p>It can exacerbate existing health disparities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What socio-economic factors contribute to disparities in health outcomes?

    <p>Macro-level factors like physical environment and employment opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is likely to experience a higher incidence of certain health issues?

    <p>Racial minorities, such as Black individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most often associated with healthcare disparities?

    <p>Relative poverty and accessibility issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic characteristic is linked to life expectancy disparities?

    <p>Gender, with women living longer than men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting an individual's health outcomes?

    <p>Cultural differences in health beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Poverty

    • Poverty refers to a lack of economic resources, like lower income and fewer assets associated with lower socioeconomic status.
    • Poverty can occur at individual, family, community, and national levels.
    • Absolute poverty refers to the inability to secure basic necessities of life, such as food, clean water, and safe shelter. The poverty line in the United States determines who qualifies for social services like food stamps and subsidized housing.
    • Relative poverty is the inability to meet living standards of the society, even if basic needs are met. It means living below the average standard of living.

    Social Exclusion

    • Social exclusion marginalizes individuals based on stigmatized identities like mental illness, and disadvantaged situations like poverty, limiting their full participation in social life.
    • This exclusion can cause individuals to be disconnected from society and unable to engage in common practices like earning money through work.

    Health & Healthcare Disparities

    • Health disparities are inequalities in health outcomes, such as rates of illness or death, which often impact disadvantaged groups like racial minorities and lower-income individuals more severely.
    • Health outcomes are shaped by social institutions and individual health behaviors.
    • Wealthier individuals are often protected from health risks in the physical environment, like pollution, compared to lower-income individuals.
    • Women generally live longer than men.
    • Racial minorities often experience higher rates of certain diseases, such as Black people having the highest rates of hypertension compared to other racial groups.

    Healthcare Disparities

    • Healthcare disparities refer to inequalities in access to healthcare services, often due to relative poverty, accessibility issues like language barriers or distance from clinics, and institutional discrimination.
    • Wealthier individuals have greater access to specialized care, while lower-income individuals may not be able to afford expensive treatments.
    • Men have historically been the subjects of medical research, leading to a gender disparity in healthcare, as treatments are based on data from men only.
    • Racial disparities exist in healthcare, with some medical professionals holding stereotypes about the pain tolerance of Black patients.

    Urbanization

    • Urbanization is the shift of individuals from rural agricultural communities to centralized cities.
    • Industrialization and the expansion of commerce in cities drive urbanization.
    • As cities grow, middle and upper-class families often move to suburbs for more space.
    • Suburbanization can contribute to the decline of urban areas as wealth is transferred to the suburbs.
    • Urban renewal attempts to revitalize declining urban areas through infrastructure and building renovations.
    • Gentrification involves revitalizing lower-income neighborhoods with new, higher-income residents, often leading to increased property values.

    Social Movements

    • Social movements are sustained efforts by individuals with shared values and goals, often lasting for years.
    • Notable social movements in the US include the Civil Rights Movement, anti-war movements, and environmental movements.
    • Social movement strategies involve mobilizing resources like people and money to promote goals.
    • Social movement tactics are specific actions like protests, strikes, and marches.
    • Social movements typically start with an idea, become more organized, and eventually succeed or fail.
    • Social movements can create lasting change even if they don't achieve specific goals.

    Demographic Change

    • Demographic shifts are changes in population characteristics over time, such as total population and average lifespan.
    • The demographic transition model explains demographic shifts from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, typically occurring in predictable stages:
      • Stage 1: High birth and death rates, slow population growth
      • Stage 2: Industrialization, lower death rates due to improved health and access to resources, rapid population growth
      • Stage 3: Urbanization, continued growth, and declining birth rate due to increased access to contraception
      • Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, slow population growth, stable population
      • Stage 5: Very low birth rates, potential population decline (hypothetical)

    Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

    • This theory suggests that population increases exponentially while resources increase linearly at a slower rate.
    • Population growth can be slowed by preventative checks, like decreasing birth rate through contraceptives, or positive checks, which increase death rate involuntarily.
    • Positive checks can be small-scale, like increased death from a flu virus, or large-scale, like widespread famine, disease epidemics, or wars, slowing or halting population growth.

    Population Growth & Decline

    • Population pyramids graph the demographics of a society to show changes in population.
    • Three types of pyramids exist:
      • Expanding pyramids have broad bases (many young people) and narrow tops (few older individuals).
      • Stationary pyramids have broad bases and tops, with a stable population.
      • Contracting pyramids have narrower bases and are characteristic of declining populations.

    Poverty

    • Poverty is a lack of economic resources, often linked to low income and fewer assets.
    • Absolute poverty means not having basic necessities like food, clean water, and safe shelter.
    • The poverty line determines who qualifies for social services in the U.S.
    • Relative poverty is when someone can meet basic needs but their living standards are below average.

    Social Exclusion

    • Social exclusion is the marginalization of individuals due to stigmatized identities or disadvantaged situations, hindering full participation in society.
    • Poverty contributes to social exclusion, disconnecting individuals from mainstream activities like earning money.

    Health and Healthcare Disparities

    • Health disparities are inequalities in health outcomes within society, often impacting disadvantaged groups more severely.
    • Sociologists view health as shaped by both social factors (institutions) and individual behaviors.
    • Macro-level factors like environment, employment, and education influence health outcomes.
    • Micro-level factors like lifestyle choices (diet, exercise) also play a part.
    • Healthcare disparities are inequalities in access to healthcare due to systemic issues like poverty, accessibility problems, and discrimination.
    • Wealthier individuals generally have better access to specialized care, while those with lower incomes often can't afford expensive treatments.

    Urbanization

    • Urbanization is the shift from rural, agricultural communities to centralized cities.
    • Industrialization drives urban growth, as the need for workers in cities increases with expanding businesses.
    • Suburbanization is the population migration from cities to suburbs, often due to a desire for more space and less density.
    • Gentrification is the revitalization of lower-income neighborhoods by new, higher-income residents, often raising property values.

    Population Growth and Decline

    • Population pyramids are graphs that show the demographics of a society, providing insights into population changes.
    • Expanding pyramids (broad base, narrow top) indicate a growing population, often in developing countries.
    • Stationary pyramids (broad base, broad top) reflect a stable population, typical of developed countries.
    • Contracting pyramids (narrower base than middle) suggest a declining population size, also common in developed countries.

    Fertility and Mortality

    • Fertility rates measure population increases due to births.
    • Mortality rates measure population declines due to deaths.
    • Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children born per woman in her lifetime. A TFR above 2 indicates population growth, while below 2 suggests a shrinking population.
    • Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of live births per year per 1,000 people, providing a rough estimate of population growth based solely on births.
    • Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR) measures births per 1,000 women within a certain age group.
    • Crude death rate is the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
    • Age-specific mortality rates track deaths within particular age groups.
    • The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths of children under one year old per 1,000 live births in a year.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of poverty and social exclusion, addressing both absolute and relative poverty. It examines the impact of economic resources on individuals and communities, and how social stigma can further marginalize those in disadvantaged situations. Test your knowledge on these important social issues.

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