Understanding Politics: Power, Cooperation, and Conflict

• Man is a political animal, according to Aristotle
• Politics is different from government, but includes influence and supports unity.
• Studying cooperation and conflict is part of understanding politics

Cooperation vs. Conflict

• Agreement is cooperation, while disagreement is conflict.

Politics Defined

• Politics involves making, preserving, and amending the general rules by which people live.
• Power involves influencing others, as in A getting B to do something B wouldn't otherwise do.
• An entity with power can make another entity do something.

Three Faces of Power

• Decision-making involves actions influencing the context of decisions.
• Agenda-setting controls actual decisions and the conditions from which they arise, potentially through censorship.
• Preference-shaping influences others by shaping their thoughts, wants, or needs, which can create stereotypes.

Power and Corruption

• "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely" - Lord Acton

Institutes

• Formal institutes include rules, procedures, constitutions, and contracts.
• Informal institutes include traditions, customs, moral values, and religious beliefs.

Political Power

• Political power is exercised through various institutions, which may appear independent but are not.
• Politics exists everywhere.

Politics as an Arena

• Formalistic approach only considers formal institutions.
• Politics is limited to the state and public life.

Public vs. Private

• Public includes the state and public realm like politics and commerce.
• Private includes civil society and personal realms like family life.

Politics as a Process

• Focuses on both formal and informal institutions and their interactions with society.

Government

• Formal institutions that rule a group of people, including those who make, enforce, and apply decisions.

Governance

• Institutions involved in setting rules of conventions.
• Includes members who rule, not necessarily part of the government.

Governing

• The act or process of ruling.

Good Governance

• Rule of law
• Transparency
• Consensus-oriented
• Accountability
• Effectiveness and efficiency
• Equity and inclusiveness
• Responsiveness
• Participation
• Corruption is a result of absent of good governance factors

Political Ideologies

• Ideology are ideas or "science of ideas."
• Now seen as an action-oriented belief system
• Provides the basis for organized political action to preserve, modify, or overthrow the existing system of power.
• Originated in French Revolution and the seating arrangements.
• Can be understood through a spectrum from "Left" to "Right".
• Left aims to change the status quo for more freedom; Right aims to maintain it for more control.

Liberalism

• Supports right to earn money.
• Considered a meta-ideology.
• Emphasizes individualism, freedom under law, and equality.
• The world is rational, people can make decisions, believing in progress.
• Values toleration, consent, and constitutionalism.

Fascism

• Reaction to Western political thought
• Anti-liberalism, anti-individualism, anti-capitalism
• Believes in unity, heroism, power, and war, with unifying reasons like racialism or statism under nationalism.

Conservatism

• Responds to liberalist, socialist, and nationalist ideas.
• Values tradition, pragmatism, and recognizes human imperfection.
• Views society as an organism with natural hierarchies.
• Authority comes "from above" with responsibility.
• Property is vital for security, independence, and recognizing duties.

Socialism

• Reaction to industrial capitalism
• Early versions were revolutionist and utopian
• Goals included disbanding capitalist economy, creating common ownership.
• Later versions considered legal and peaceful transitions due to improved conditions.
• Values community, fraternity, social equality, and common ownership.

Anarchism

• Argues for political authority is evil, corrupt, and unnecessary
• Supports individual self-management through volunteerism and cooperation.

Democracy

• Legitimacy is the recognition, appearance, and support for an existing form of rule or government.

Forms of Legitimacy

• Traditional: authority by tradition or custom.
• Charismatic: authority based on the leader's charisma.
• Rational-Legal: authority derived from formal procedures of institutions.

Legitimation Process

• Power must be exercised according to established rules.
• Rules must be justified by shared beliefs.
• Demonstrated through expression of consent.

Democratic Legitimacy

• Consent through participation in political processes.
• Compromise and consensus are essential.
• Feedback mechanisms align government outputs with inputs.

Democracy Definition

• "Demos" (Rule) + "Kratos" (People) = Rule of the people.
• Historically limited to male citizens

Direct Democracy

• Involves direct and continuous participation.
• Uses referendums, plebiscites, and assemblies.

Indirect Democracy

• Representative democracy with elections.
• Poses the question of whose beliefs politicians represent.

Liberal Individualism

• Democracy restricted to public life, establishing a framework of law.

Radical Democracy

• Seeks widest possible dispersal of political power in almost all areas of life.

Features of Democracy

• Elections as a system for electing representatives.
• Minimalist democracy
• Maximalist also involve in policy making

Robert Dahl's Polyarchy

• Involves universal suffrage, the right to run for public office, free and fair elections, access to information, freedom of expression, responsiveness, and accountability.

Authoritative Rule

• Democratic rule relies on consensus and cooperation for security.
• Authoritarian rule relies on coercion, domination, and absolute power.
• Totalitarianism seeks total control of the population.

Forms of Authoritarianism

• Despots
• Monarchies
• Political parties
• Presidents
• Armed forces
• Theocracies

Source of Legitimacy

• Non-democratic regimes rarely seek to consolidate their hold on power through coercion alone.

Key Concepts

• Key concepts include non-competitive elections, performance legitimation, and ideological legitimation.

Democratization and the Philippines

• The historical development of democracy in the Philippines is characterized by discontinuity and instability.

Key Concepts

• Understanding Philippine politics: American, Japanese, Marcos

Oligarchy

• Form of government ruled by the few "elites."

Democratization

• Shifts from non-democratic to democratic regimes

Patronage

• Distributing resources for political gain

Colonial Period

• US introduced self-governance

Imposition

• American colony was in favor of the Filipino elites because they were educated and has influence

7 Ms

• Money lead to downward mobility, guns and goons, media, mariage, mayhem and murder
• American auctions lands ownership by friars

Filipinized Bureaucracy

• Transitioning late "self governance"

Effects of American

• Decentralization of power, - more equal representation of provincial oligarchs in the capital.
• Led to emergence of political dynasties and evolution of corrupt autocrats.

Commonwealth Period

• Introduced by the Cooper Act
• A new government accepted reluctantly by oligarchs because of privilege from American presence.
• Thus Quezon won by a landslide

People were ready

• People were now ready to be independent and the Japanese invasion occurred during WWII

Second Republic

• Breakdown of rule of law occurred during Japanese occupation
• • Laurel and Quezon's role was government. puppet vs government in exile

post war democracy

• Cacique domination from 1954 to 1972. -

Old Independence day

• July 4,1946. -

New independance day

• June 12, 1898
• Roxas win presidency
• Was an America Lab dog

Quirino

• Golden Urinola. -

cold war

• The US wanted PH to send troops to Korea

Magsaysay and Garcia

• He was secretary in national defense
• President. "Peoples favorite and started the first politcal slagon"

Garcia took place of Magsaysay

• Fililpno first. -

Macapagal.

• He reverted independence. -

Marcos Sr.

• He was an assassin that had upbringing with Macapagal.
• First he studied to be a UP manila, and had been given a task to write about Marcos by prof - Fabella.
• Marcos wanted to be one of that and enrolled in up law. -

Marital law

• To have more political power - he needs to marry another woman with political power.
• Used constitutional power instead

Passed Bar Exam..

• Said. "Don't let him waste his asset"

Dovie and Beams

• Was spending a lot by creating americanized movie.
• Dovie beams tape was leaked

Martial rule.

• Used pretended to do sabotage which gave a reason to create martial law to over throw the US but its was still US.
• New system - the new system and control of illocos

Congress

• Crories and military were still enforced and handed out
• Supreme ruled constitutionality. "All equally enforced"

More theories

• The lifting of Marital Law for Marcos

Used of Archetcture

• Used of brutalist architecture - to make more development

What was EDSA?

• Snapped of elections
• Aquino took over from EDSA
• Ramos helped
• Erap, Arroyo, to current. "Anti corruption to the works and to the new president and to this day still issues."

Arroyo

• Longest setting president.
• Cory died and "not" Noynoy came to take the lead

Duterte

• Slow to take the leads and problems

Democratic consolidation and consitituion

• "All equiality"

Seperation of powers

• To divide government power
• Check and balance and powers divided

Exectuive branch

• President
• Has qualifications from congress
• Term limitiations
• Approval of honeymoon

Maun funtions of executive pwer

• Power to implement laws and chefit of admin

Other powers

• Veto power
• Integrative power
• special - cheift of commands army, diplomat, clemency
• Authority
• Decreate and delegate

Legistlative Branch

• Legislative functions were described