Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a strong group identity in a school setting likely lead to?
What does a strong group identity in a school setting likely lead to?
- Less interaction with peers
- Greater likelihood of dropping out
- Higher evaluation of the school (correct)
- Increased dissatisfaction with the school
Which neighborhood residents had the lowest evaluation of their own area?
Which neighborhood residents had the lowest evaluation of their own area?
- Residents of affluent neighborhoods
- Asylum seekers
- Immigrant residents
- Residents of Chelas (correct)
What is the primary focus of acculturation?
What is the primary focus of acculturation?
- Physical relocation trends
- Economic status changes after migration
- Cultural interaction between different groups (correct)
- Legal citizenship acquisition
What is one of the main acculturation strategies employed by individuals?
What is one of the main acculturation strategies employed by individuals?
What does place dependence refer to in the context of education?
What does place dependence refer to in the context of education?
How do immigrants typically respond to dissatisfaction with their neighborhood?
How do immigrants typically respond to dissatisfaction with their neighborhood?
Which of the following groups is typically associated with the most significant need for acculturation?
Which of the following groups is typically associated with the most significant need for acculturation?
What type of identity involves evaluating one's own school positively based on strong social connections?
What type of identity involves evaluating one's own school positively based on strong social connections?
Which acculturation strategy involves maintaining the original culture while participating in the host country?
Which acculturation strategy involves maintaining the original culture while participating in the host country?
What effect does the 'melting pot' policy generally have on acculturation strategies?
What effect does the 'melting pot' policy generally have on acculturation strategies?
Which of the following statements best describes marginalization in the context of acculturation?
Which of the following statements best describes marginalization in the context of acculturation?
What is a primary characteristic of individuals who identify with separatism?
What is a primary characteristic of individuals who identify with separatism?
In Social Identity Theory, which process is likely to occur when individuals feel a strong ingroup favoritism?
In Social Identity Theory, which process is likely to occur when individuals feel a strong ingroup favoritism?
What factor can heavily influence an individual's attitudes toward the host country after immigration?
What factor can heavily influence an individual's attitudes toward the host country after immigration?
Which of the following best describes outgroup bias in the context of acculturation?
Which of the following best describes outgroup bias in the context of acculturation?
Which of the following describes a factor that may lead to a sense of place identity for immigrants?
Which of the following describes a factor that may lead to a sense of place identity for immigrants?
What factor plays a crucial role in determining the acculturation style of individuals in a new country?
What factor plays a crucial role in determining the acculturation style of individuals in a new country?
Which of the following statements is true regarding adaptation as a consequence of acculturation?
Which of the following statements is true regarding adaptation as a consequence of acculturation?
Which adaptation process includes developing cognitive and affective skills?
Which adaptation process includes developing cognitive and affective skills?
How do newcomers typically outperform established immigrants and non-immigrants?
How do newcomers typically outperform established immigrants and non-immigrants?
What aspect is directly related to the integration process of migrants into their host country's identity?
What aspect is directly related to the integration process of migrants into their host country's identity?
Which of the following best defines ingroup favoritism in the context of acculturation?
Which of the following best defines ingroup favoritism in the context of acculturation?
What can exposure to discrimination in the host country lead immigrants to do?
What can exposure to discrimination in the host country lead immigrants to do?
What does place identity refer to in the context of cultural adaptation?
What does place identity refer to in the context of cultural adaptation?
Flashcards
Assimilation
Assimilation
The process where immigrants reject their home culture and fully adopt the host culture's values and behaviors.
Integration
Integration
Maintaining aspects of one's home culture while actively participating in the host culture.
Separation/Separatism
Separation/Separatism
Rejecting the host culture and emphasizing ties to one's original home culture.
Marginalization
Marginalization
Rejecting both home and host cultures, leading to feelings of exclusion and isolation.
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Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
A policy that encourages immigrants to integrate into the host culture while maintaining their own identities.
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Melting Pot Policy
Melting Pot Policy
A policy that encourages assimilation by viewing all groups as the same.
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Segregation
Segregation
A policy that encourages separation by maintaining distinct cultural groups.
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Exclusion
Exclusion
A policy that encourages marginalization by creating a hostile environment.
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Place Identity
Place Identity
The feeling of belonging to a place and identifying with it as part of your own identity.
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Place Dependence
Place Dependence
The belief that a specific place is crucial for success in life, often seen in terms of opportunities or advantages.
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Group Identity
Group Identity
The feeling of shared experiences and belonging to a group of people.
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Acculturation
Acculturation
The process of change that happens when two different cultures come into contact.
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Acculturation Strategies
Acculturation Strategies
The different ways people adapt to a new culture, including their attitudes, social norms, personal reserves, and environmental constraints.
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Environmental Constraints
Environmental Constraints
Factors in the new environment that influence the process of acculturation, like language barriers or cultural differences.
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Personal Reserves
Personal Reserves
The individual's resources and strengths that they bring to the process of acculturation, like language skills or previous experience with other cultures.
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Acculturation Constraints
Acculturation Constraints
Factors that hinder the process of adapting to a new culture, such as feeling rejected by the host country or experiencing discrimination.
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Tartakovsky Study (2012)
Tartakovsky Study (2012)
A research study investigating what influences the acculturation styles of Jewish students studying in Israel.
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Acculturation Style
Acculturation Style
The way an immigrant adapts to a new culture, ranging from fully embracing the host culture to maintaining their own.
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Host Country Attitude
Host Country Attitude
A key factor in acculturation style, referring to the immigrant's perception of acceptance or rejection by the host country.
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Social Support
Social Support
The availability of connections and assistance from individuals within the host country.
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Discrimination
Discrimination
Unfair or prejudicial treatment based on race, religion, or other factors.
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Sociocultural Adaptation
Sociocultural Adaptation
The ability to learn and navigate the language, customs, and practices of the host country.
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Psychological Adaptation
Psychological Adaptation
How an immigrant adjusts emotionally and mentally to a new culture, including sense of belonging and well-being.
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Place Identity Definition
- Subjective sense of self is defined and expressed not only by relationships with people, but also by relationships with physical environments that structure daily life.
What is Place
- A dwelling, position, or status
- Specific location
- Anchor point for personal or group identity
- Reflects meanings assigned to it by individuals
- Includes physical settings, human activities, social and psychological processes rooted in the setting
- Satisfies needs and desires
What is Place Identity
- Strong sense of affiliation to place or groups
- Substructure of global identification or self-concept
- Feelings of home, neighborhood, or larger space
- A mix of memories, conceptions, interpretations, and feelings
- Contributes to identity through meaning and symbolized by place features
Place Attachment Defined
- Sense of belonging with positive experiences of inclusion
- Positive bond between groups and their environment
- Relationship and emotional links with given meaning through interactions that extend beyond cognition, preference, or judgment
Place Identity Develops
- Begins in childhood
- Occurs and changes at significant life stages
- Developed through memories and schemas of places
- Attachment develops slowly through positive experiences
- Influenced by others' attitudes
- Strongly based on relationships with people more than the setting itself
What Prevents Place Identity from Developing
- Dysfunctional family situations
- Rejection or conflict with people in a setting
- Continuous relocation
Place Identity Advantages
- Can build resilience to rebuild after a natural disaster
- Can foster pro-environmental behaviour
- May prevent people from wanting changes or progress
Study (Chow & Healy 2008)
- First-time university students moving to prestigious universities in England
Results (Semi-structured Interviews)
- Home associated with family and friends
- Home is where the heart is
- Love for the university came later, even without family nearby
- Dislocations: Leaving home undermined students' social, psychological processes and social sense of familiarity. Undermined sense of place attachment and belonging
- Undermined the capacity of a place to signify individual identity
- Intention to stay connected to home and their past
- Home was an anchor for place-dependent memories
- Students needed time at university to develop a new sense of place
- University's high status motivated and helped students identify with the place
- Social relationships at university helped create a new place identity
- Transition influenced self-image and identity
- Realized how important home was
- Recognized they had two homes
Social Identity Theory Defined
- A person's sense of self is based on their group memberships
- People need to view themselves positively, viewing the groups they belong to positively
- Includes Ingroup Favouritism: preference for one's own group, and Outgroup bias: dislike of outgroups and their members
Place & Social Identity Theory
- Positive social identity achieved through identifying with positive places
- Creates feelings of belonging and pride to the place
Study (Marcouyeux & Fleury-Bahi 2011)
- Grade 7 high school students
- Measured Place Identity: (This school is important to me)
- Measured Group Identity (I feel strong ties to other students)
- Measured Evaluation of the School: (People believe that this high school is good)
- Measured Place Dependence: (Being at this school is a real advantage for success after graduation)
- Found a positive correlation between group identity and evaluation of the school.
Study (Bernardo & Palma-Oliveira 2016)
- Compared neighbourhoods (Chelas against 3 richer neighbourhoods)
- Study looked at place identity, satisfaction, and place evaluation
- Chelas residents evaluated the other neighbourhoods more positively than their own, to maintain a positive self-concept, they identified with the city and nation
Immigration Definition
- Intentional movement of people to a destination country or across state borders, where they don't have citizenship, to settle for a prolonged time.
Immigration Statistics
- 281 million migrants worldwide (2020)
- 7.6 million migrants in Australia (2020)
- About 1/3 of the world's population is a migrant
Types of Immigration
- Immigrants
- Refugees
- Asylum seekers
Acculturation Definition
- Phenomena resulting from contact between different cultures, leading to changes in cultural patterns of one or both cultures
Small & Large Scale Acculturation
- Small scale: Changing jobs
- Large scale: Changing countries
Acculturation Strategies
- Attitudes
- Social Norms
- Personal Reserves
- Environmental Constraints
Acculturation Strategies - Examples
- Assimilation: Reject home culture, adopt host culture, only interact with host people, positive feelings for host country, everyone viewed as the same
- Integration: Maintain the old culture but interact with the host culture, participate in host country
- Separation: Reject host country, favours/prefers home country and culture, maintain ties only with home country
- Marginalization: Reject both home and host countries, least popular strategy, feel excluded, no language for host country, lacking flexibility, very anxious
Social Norms and Acculturation
- Multiculturalism encourages integration.
- “Melting pot” approach encourages assimilation.
- Segregation encourages separation.
- Exclusion leads to marginalization.
Study (Tartakovsky 2012)
- Acculturation Strategies Study that analyzed variables related to acculturation preferences such as:
- Attitudes towards host country after immigration
- Perceived social support and acceptance after immigration
- Perceived discrimination
- Attitudes towards host country before immigration
- Variables related to individual choices of acculturation
Other factors impacting Acculturation
- Immigration-related policies
- Daily hassles (negative impact)
- Pre-immigration factors (expectations, hopes, motivations)
- Personal resources (ability to fit in)
- Environmental constraints (acceptance in host, homeland)
- Language skills and flexibility are key factors
Acculturation and Identity
- New immigrants often outperform established immigrants and non-immigrants in health, education, and conduct
- People who immigrate today, are more likely to be educated, wealthy, and better behaved
- Discrimination in host country can negatively impact immigrant behavior
Study (Cardenas & de la Sablonniere 2017): Latin Americans in Canada
- Researching the process migrants use to incorporate their new country into their identity.
- Participating in various aspects of host culture leads to belonging and incorporating new identities.
Factors that impede Integration
- Forced migration
- Incongruence between home and host values
- Lack of desire or willingness to participate
Biculturalism Defined
- An umbrella term used when a person endorses at least one heritage and one new culture.
Relational Model of Bicultural Systems (Meca et al 2019)
- Includes exploration, considering belonging to a cultural group through direct participation
- Discussing and thinking about cultural identity.
- Alternating different identity aspects in response to circumstances
Types of Biculturalism
- Exploration: Understanding what it means to belong to a culture through direct experience and participation.
- Alternating: Activating different aspects of identity based on the situation.
- Integration: Combining multiple cultural identities into one.
- Hybridizing: Combining aspects of two cultures to create something unique and new.
Acculturation Adaptation
- Acculturation is the process. Adaptation is the consequence. Adaptation is a type of psychological well-being and sociocultural coping mechanisms in individuals
Socio-Cultural Adaptation
- Ability to learn the host country language
- Psychological Adaptations (cognitive, affective, behavioural) that encompass identity, psychological well-being, satisfaction, and behavioral skills to participate in the culture
Immigrant Paradox
- New immigrants often outperform established groups.
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