Understanding P-Value Interpretation

<p>By allowing us to test hypotheses about the observed values</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population parameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing patients with a certain condition to patients without that condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cases with the risk factor and the primary outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population relative risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain precise measurements of the true values</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formally accept or reject statistical hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the strength of evidence against a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p-value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distortion of results by chance in observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;The true values are probably fairly close to what we observed&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' IRR vs. observed IRR vs. probability of observing IRR by chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formally accept or reject statistical hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the strength of evidence against a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic variation is a consistent difference between the recorded value and the true value, while random variation is due to chance differences in true and recorded values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random variation involves chance differences in the true and recorded values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because of the influence of random variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The underlying risk or incidence that may be affected by random variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is influenced by random fluctuations in diabetes prevalence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chances of something happening relative to the chances of all things happening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is affected by random fluctuations in survival outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk factors are linked to personal habits or environmental exposures associated with increased disease probability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risks indicate probabilities of disease occurrence, while odds indicate probabilities relative to all possible events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To differentiate between fluctuations influenced by random variation and genuine changes in disease risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand if there are genuine changes in disease risk as opposed to fluctuations influenced by random variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A statistical relationship between two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the strength of association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjects who were exposed to the risk factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total number of subjects who do not have the exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the likelihood that an association represents a causal relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A positive association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative risk (RR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A negative association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking reduces the risk of getting IHD by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative risk (or odds ratio)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.042 to 0.066 per 1,000 elderly women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.13</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O/E</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it provides a range of 'true' values consistent with the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis value is consistent with the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' IRR of 1.0 is consistent with the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(O/E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' values consistent with the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Little or no evidence against the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some factor other than chance is likely responsible for the observed difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is statistically significant evidence against the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The observed data is deemed to have provided sufficient evidence against the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide more useful information than null hypothesis tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' excess risk of TB in Basra probably lies between 1.1 and 1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' IRR probably lies between 1.2 and 1.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>[Observed value ÷ e.f.] and [Observed value × e.f.] provide an estimated range within which the 'true' value lies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' value cannot be determined with few data available</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis about neutron therapy's effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis is rejected with strong evidence against it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When there are too few data available for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test hypotheses about the 'true' values and calculate confidence intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parameters are characteristics of a population, while statistics are values calculated in a sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IRR is significantly different from the 'true' value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increased risk associated with exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estimation allows for a range of possible values, rather than a simple accept/reject decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis is accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A consistent difference between the recorded value and the true value in a series of observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluctuations in disease incidence due to age and luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The underlying risk or incidence of a disease or health condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand if there are changes in the underlying risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk represents the chances of something happening, while odds represent the chances of it not happening</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand if there are changes in the underlying risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A statistical relationship between two or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspects of personal habits or environmental exposures associated with increased probability of occurrence of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing patients who already have a certain condition with patients who do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The exposure increases the risk of the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accept or reject statistical hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no association between the exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong evidence against the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutron therapy has no significant effect on survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is strong evidence against the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' IRR for leukemia is raised at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To find out the true value of these measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' values may be inferred from observed values</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposures or characteristics associated with an increased risk of disease or health outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The exposure decreases the risk of the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the strength of the association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure reduces the risk of the outcome by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sample size was too small to detect a significant effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis should be rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' values are not accurately represented in observed measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Best indicator of the strength of an association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' excess risk or possible benefit can be estimated within a specific range</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The likelihood that an association represents a causal relationship between exposure and outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range of 'true' values that are 'consistent with' the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chance fluctuations in the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the uncertainty associated with the measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistics estimate parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$O/E$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The causal relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The p-value will be high</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' values are likely to lie within the confidence interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' values are consistent with the observed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Little or no evidence against the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indication of statistically significant evidence against the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong evidence against the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluctuations in observed values due to chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estimating where the 'true' value might lie</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' excess risk probably lies between 1.1 and 1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' odds of being exposed to a particular risk factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' risk of developing a specific outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' value of epidemiological measures is exactly equal to the null hypothesis value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'True' value can be estimated within a certain range based on the observed value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indication of statistically significant evidence against the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers