Understanding P-Value Interpretation

Which term is used to describe a numerical characteristic of a population?

What does the sample mean 'x-bar' represent?

What is the relationship between parameters and statistics?

How do 'observed' values help towards a knowledge of the 'true' values?

What type of value does sample mean 'x-bar' estimate?

What is the odds ratio used for in epidemiological studies?

In a 2x2 contingency table for a case-control study, what does 'a' represent?

What does the odds ratio estimate in a case-control study?

What do epidemiologists hope to achieve when estimating population characteristics like incidence and prevalence?

What does hypothesis testing allow statisticians to do?

What is the purpose of interpretation in hypothesis testing?

What is the probability known as in hypothesis testing?

In epidemiological studies, what does random variation refer to?

What kind of statement can be made informally about observed data?

What is the argument structure used in interpretation of observed incidence rate ratios (IRR)?

What does hypothesis testing allow statisticians to do?

What is the purpose of interpretation in hypothesis testing?

What is the difference between systematic and random variation?

Which of the following best describes random variation?

Why might the incidence of TB fluctuate up and down on different occasions?

What is the 'true' risk referred to in the context of epidemiological observations?

How is the proportion of people with diabetes in a random sample of 200 in Ranya related to the 'true' prevalence of diabetes in Ranya?

What does an odds represent in the context of epidemiological measurements?

How can the difference in survival between 200 cases of breast cancer treated with Tamoxifen and 200 untreated cases be defined?

What do risk factors refer to in epidemiology?

How are odds different from risks in epidemiological measurements?

What is the primary purpose of distinguishing between the 'true' or 'underlying' value and observed measurements in epidemiological studies?

Why do we need to know about the 'true' risk in epidemiological studies?

What does an association refer to in epidemiology?

What is the purpose of a 2x2 table in epidemiology?

In the context of the text, what does 'E+' represent in the 2x2 table?

What does 'c+d' represent in the 2x2 table for this situation?

What is the purpose of calculating relative risk in epidemiology?

What does a relative risk (RR) value greater than 1 indicate?

In the context of epidemiology, what does 'RR = Incidence of outcome among those having the Exposure / Incidence of outcome among those not having the Exposure' represent?

What is indicated if the relative risk (RR) is equal to 1?

What does a relative risk (RR) value less than 1 indicate?

In epidemiology, what does a relative risk (RR) value of 0.5 suggest about the relationship between exposure and outcome?

What is the best indicator of the strength of an association between exposure and outcome in epidemiology?

If we observe 80 cases of breast cancer in 1,500 elderly women, what is the 95% confidence interval for the ‘true’ prevalence?

What is the error factor for an incidence rate ratio (IRR) considering the number of events in both populations?

What is used to calculate the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)?

Why is estimation considered a better approach than hypothesis testing?

If the null hypothesis value lies within the 95% confidence interval, what can be concluded?

In the example of the IRR for strokes, what does it mean if 1.0 lies within the 95% confidence interval?

What is calculated using O (the number of deaths observed in the local population) in SMR?

What does the 95% confidence interval represent?

What does a p-value greater than 0.05 generally indicate?

If the incidence of leukemia in Town C is statistically significantly higher than in Town D (p < 0.001), what does this indicate?

What does it mean if a p-value is less than 0.05 in a hypothesis test?

If the data do not provide sufficient evidence that a new treatment is beneficial, what could be the reason for this?

What does a rejected null hypothesis (p=0.01) indicate?

What is the purpose of defining a range within which the excess risk or possible benefit are likely to lie?

What can be concluded if a series of hypothesis tests about the 'true' excess risk of TB in Basra indicate that hypothesized values between 1.1 and 1.5 are 'consistent with' the data?

What can we say about Basra residents based on an observed incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.3 for tuberculosis compared with other Iraq residents?

How does statistical theory allow us to interpret the 'true' value of any measure used in this module?

What does it mean when a hypothesis test reflects a lack of information due to few data available?

What can be concluded about neutron therapy based on Example 5 where 240 deaths out of 600 patients (40%) were on neutron therapy and 255 deaths out of 600 patients (44%) were on radiotherapy, resulting in a p-value of 0.4?

What does an observed p-value of 0.0001 for IRR = 0.8 indicate in a power station example?

In what scenario might there be little or no evidence from considered data against a hypothesis?

What is the primary purpose of distinguishing between 'observed' and 'true' epidemiological quantities?

What is the relationship between parameters and statistics in epidemiology?

What does an observed p-value of 0.0001 for IRR = 0.8 indicate in a power station example?

What does a relative risk (RR) value greater than 1 indicate in epidemiology?

Why is estimation considered a better approach than hypothesis testing in epidemiology?

What can be concluded if the null hypothesis value lies within the 95% confidence interval?

What is systematic variation in epidemiology?

What is random variation in epidemiology?

What does the term 'true risk' refer to in epidemiology?

What is the purpose of distinguishing between the 'true' or 'underlying' value and observed measurements in epidemiological studies?

What is the difference between risk and odds in epidemiological measurements?

Why do we need to know about the 'true' risk in epidemiological studies?

What is an association in epidemiology?

In epidemiological studies, what do risk factors refer to?

What is the odds ratio used for in epidemiological studies?

What does a relative risk (RR) value greater than 1 indicate?

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics?

What is indicated if the relative risk (RR) is equal to 1?

What does an observed p-value of 0.0001 for IRR = 0.8 indicate in a power station example?

What can be concluded about neutron therapy based on Example 5?

What does it mean if a p-value is less than 0.05 in a hypothesis test?

What does a rejected null hypothesis (p=0.01) indicate?

What do epidemiologists hope to achieve when estimating population characteristics like incidence and prevalence?

How do 'observed' values help towards a knowledge of the 'true' values?

What do risk factors refer to in epidemiology?

What does a relative risk (RR) value less than 1 indicate?

What is the purpose of using a 2x2 table in epidemiology?

What does the relative risk (RR) value of 0.5 suggest about the relationship between exposure and outcome in epidemiology?

If the data do not provide sufficient evidence that a new treatment is beneficial, what could be the reason for this?

What does an observed p-value of 0.0001 for IRR = 0.8 indicate in a power station example?

What is indicated if the relative risk (RR) is equal to 1?

What is calculated using 'O' (the number of deaths observed in the local population) in SMR?

What do epidemiologists hope to achieve when estimating population characteristics like incidence and prevalence?

What does it mean when a hypothesis test reflects a lack of information due to few data available?

'RR = Incidence of outcome among those having the Exposure / Incidence of outcome among those not having the Exposure' represents what in epidemiology?

'What can be concluded if a series of hypothesis tests about the 'true' excess risk of TB in Basra indicate that hypothesized values between 1.1 and 1.5 are 'consistent with' the data?'

What does an association refer to in epidemiology?

What does the 95% confidence interval represent in epidemiological studies?

In epidemiological studies, what does random variation refer to?

What is the purpose of distinguishing between the 'true' or 'underlying' value and observed measurements in epidemiological studies?

What is the relationship between parameters and statistics in epidemiological studies?

What is used to calculate the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) in epidemiological studies?

What does an association refer to in epidemiology?

What is indicated if the relative risk (RR) is equal to 1?

What does it mean if a hypothesis test reflects a lack of information due to few data available?

What does a p-value greater than 0.05 generally indicate?

What can be concluded if a series of hypothesis tests about the 'true' excess risk of TB in Basra indicate that hypothesized values between 1.1 and 1.5 are 'consistent with' the data?

What does a p-value greater than 0.05 generally indicate?

What does it mean when a p-value is less than 0.05 in a hypothesis test?

What does an observed p-value of 0.0001 for IRR = 0.8 indicate in a power station example?

In epidemiological studies, what does random variation refer to?

What is the purpose of defining a range within which the excess risk or possible benefit are likely to lie?

What can be concluded if a series of hypothesis tests about the 'true' excess risk of TB in Basra indicate that hypothesized values between 1.1 and 1.5 are 'consistent with' the data?

What does an odds ratio estimate in a case-control study?

What is indicated if the relative risk (RR) is equal to 1?

What does it mean if a null hypothesis value lies within the 95% confidence interval?

How does statistical theory allow us to interpret the 'true' value of any measure used in this module?

What does it mean if a p-value is less than 0.05 in a hypothesis test?