Heart failure

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What is the net filtration pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?

+35 mm Hg

-7 mm Hg

0 mm Hg

+10 mm Hg (correct)

What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and protein osmotic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary?

Hydrostatic pressure is equal to protein osmotic pressure of blood

Hydrostatic pressure is less than protein osmotic pressure of blood

Hydrostatic pressure is not related to protein osmotic pressure of blood

Hydrostatic pressure is greater than protein osmotic pressure of blood (correct)

Which of the following is the primary reason for the development of edema in congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Increased oncotic pressure

Decreased hydrostatic pressure

Increased hydrostatic pressure (correct)

Decreased capillary permeability

Which of the following conditions can lead to oedema by causing venous obstruction?

Liver cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily responsible for edema formation due to hypoalbuminemia?

Increase loss of protein or albumin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to oedema by causing lymphatic obstruction?

Filariasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the vessels?

Pooling of blood due to inefficient pump Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to edema by causing venous outflow obstruction?

Increased hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a compensatory response in chronic heart failure?

Increase in kidney function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of cardiac heart failure?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the inability of the ventricle to contract normally and expel sufficient blood?

Systolic heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the inability of the ventricle to relax and fill normally?

Diastolic heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is characterized by increased demand by the body and normal to high ejection fraction?

High Output heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to produce adequate output and low ejection fraction?

Low Output heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided cardiac failure?

Right-sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What are the morphologic and clinical effects of left-sided heart failure primarily due to?

Elevated back-pressures within the pulmonary circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the earliest and most significant symptom of left-sided heart failure?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

Which position typically relieves orthopnea in patients with left-sided heart failure?

Standing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of progressive ventricular dilation in left-sided heart failure?

Mitral regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the development of orthopnea in left-sided heart failure?

Increased venous return Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the development of edema in left heart failure?

Increased hydrostatic pressure in the vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume?

Stroke volume is directly proportional to end-diastolic volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of left-sided heart failure?

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of blood and alveolar fluid settling along the posterior wall of the lung when supine?

Decreased gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which position typically relieves orthopnea in patients with left-sided heart failure?

Upright Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of right-heart failure?

Left-heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of low cardiac output in left ventricular failure?

Peripheral tissue hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pulmonary congestion in left ventricular failure?

High pulmonary venous blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fluid compression on airways in left ventricular failure?

Increased resistance to airflow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of sympathetic activation which try and increase cardiac output in left ventricular failure?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for isolated right ventricular failure not due to left heart failure?

Cor Pulmonale Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chronic exposure to high afterload on the right ventricle?

Increased RV wall tension Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of right ventricular myocardium being stretched to longer than its optimal contraction length?

Harder to eject blood out of RV Signup and view all the answers

What happens to right ventricular stroke volume in right-sided heart failure?

Decreased right ventricular stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of right-sided heart failure?

Peripheral pitting edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of blood backing up into the systemic venous vasculature in right-sided heart failure?

High jugular venous pressure (JVP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of right-sided heart failure?

Peripheral edema Signup and view all the answers

What can right-sided heart failure lead to in the kidneys and brain?

Hypo-perfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of cardiac decompensation in right-sided heart failure?

Appearance of biventricular CHF Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of ascites in right-sided heart failure?

Portal venous congestion Signup and view all the answers

What are the morphologic and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure primarily due to?

Congested systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Heart failure

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Questions and Answers

What is the net filtration pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?

What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and protein osmotic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary?

Which of the following is the primary reason for the development of edema in congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Which of the following conditions can lead to oedema by causing venous obstruction?

Which of the following is primarily responsible for edema formation due to hypoalbuminemia?

Which of the following conditions can lead to oedema by causing lymphatic obstruction?

Which of the following is a reason for the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the vessels?

Which of the following conditions can lead to edema by causing venous outflow obstruction?

Which of the following is a compensatory response in chronic heart failure?

Which of the following is a cause of cardiac heart failure?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the inability of the ventricle to contract normally and expel sufficient blood?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the inability of the ventricle to relax and fill normally?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by increased demand by the body and normal to high ejection fraction?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to produce adequate output and low ejection fraction?

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided cardiac failure?

What are the morphologic and clinical effects of left-sided heart failure primarily due to?

Which of the following is the earliest and most significant symptom of left-sided heart failure?

Which position typically relieves orthopnea in patients with left-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a consequence of progressive ventricular dilation in left-sided heart failure?

What is the primary reason for the development of orthopnea in left-sided heart failure?

What is the primary reason for the development of edema in left heart failure?

What is the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume?

Which of the following is a symptom of left-sided heart failure?

What is the consequence of blood and alveolar fluid settling along the posterior wall of the lung when supine?

Which position typically relieves orthopnea in patients with left-sided heart failure?

What is the primary cause of right-heart failure?

Which of the following is a symptom of low cardiac output in left ventricular failure?

What is the primary cause of pulmonary congestion in left ventricular failure?

What is the effect of fluid compression on airways in left ventricular failure?

Which of the following is a symptom of sympathetic activation which try and increase cardiac output in left ventricular failure?

What is the term for isolated right ventricular failure not due to left heart failure?

What is the effect of chronic exposure to high afterload on the right ventricle?

What is the consequence of right ventricular myocardium being stretched to longer than its optimal contraction length?

What happens to right ventricular stroke volume in right-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a symptom of right-sided heart failure?

What is the consequence of blood backing up into the systemic venous vasculature in right-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of right-sided heart failure?

What can right-sided heart failure lead to in the kidneys and brain?

What is the consequence of cardiac decompensation in right-sided heart failure?

What is the primary cause of ascites in right-sided heart failure?

What are the morphologic and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure primarily due to?

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