Heart failure
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Questions and Answers

What is the net filtration pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?

  • +35 mm Hg
  • -7 mm Hg
  • 0 mm Hg
  • +10 mm Hg (correct)

    • What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and protein osmotic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary?

  • Hydrostatic pressure is equal to protein osmotic pressure of blood
  • Hydrostatic pressure is less than protein osmotic pressure of blood
  • Hydrostatic pressure is not related to protein osmotic pressure of blood
  • Hydrostatic pressure is greater than protein osmotic pressure of blood (correct)

    • Which of the following is the primary reason for the development of edema in congestive heart failure (CHF)?

  • Increased oncotic pressure
  • Decreased hydrostatic pressure
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure (correct)
  • Decreased capillary permeability

    • Which of the following conditions can lead to oedema by causing venous obstruction?

    <p>Liver cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily responsible for edema formation due to hypoalbuminemia?

    <p>Increase loss of protein or albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to oedema by causing lymphatic obstruction?

    <p>Filariasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason for the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the vessels?

    <p>Pooling of blood due to inefficient pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to edema by causing venous outflow obstruction?

    <p>Increased hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a compensatory response in chronic heart failure?

    <p>Increase in kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of cardiac heart failure?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is characterized by the inability of the ventricle to contract normally and expel sufficient blood?

    <p>Systolic heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is characterized by the inability of the ventricle to relax and fill normally?

    <p>Diastolic heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is characterized by increased demand by the body and normal to high ejection fraction?

    <p>High Output heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to produce adequate output and low ejection fraction?

    <p>Low Output heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of left-sided cardiac failure?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the morphologic and clinical effects of left-sided heart failure primarily due to?

    <p>Elevated back-pressures within the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the earliest and most significant symptom of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position typically relieves orthopnea in patients with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of progressive ventricular dilation in left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Mitral regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the development of orthopnea in left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Increased venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the development of edema in left heart failure?

    <p>Increased hydrostatic pressure in the vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume?

    <p>Stroke volume is directly proportional to end-diastolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of blood and alveolar fluid settling along the posterior wall of the lung when supine?

    <p>Decreased gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position typically relieves orthopnea in patients with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of right-heart failure?

    <p>Left-heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of low cardiac output in left ventricular failure?

    <p>Peripheral tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pulmonary congestion in left ventricular failure?

    <p>High pulmonary venous blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fluid compression on airways in left ventricular failure?

    <p>Increased resistance to airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of sympathetic activation which try and increase cardiac output in left ventricular failure?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for isolated right ventricular failure not due to left heart failure?

    <p>Cor Pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic exposure to high afterload on the right ventricle?

    <p>Increased RV wall tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of right ventricular myocardium being stretched to longer than its optimal contraction length?

    <p>Harder to eject blood out of RV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to right ventricular stroke volume in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Decreased right ventricular stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral pitting edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of blood backing up into the systemic venous vasculature in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>High jugular venous pressure (JVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can right-sided heart failure lead to in the kidneys and brain?

    <p>Hypo-perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cardiac decompensation in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Appearance of biventricular CHF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ascites in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Portal venous congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the morphologic and clinical effects of right-sided heart failure primarily due to?

    <p>Congested systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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