Understanding Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Materials with strong magnetic properties, exhibiting high magnetic susceptibility.

Measure of how easily a material can be magnetized.

Materials with a slightly positive magnetic susceptibility; their magnetism is weak and temperature dependent.

Materials with a large positive susceptibility that exhibit strong magnetization.

Materials with a slightly negative magnetic susceptibility; they are weakly repelled by magnetic fields.

A weak type of magnetism where the material is repelled by a magnetic field.

A type of magnetism where the material is weakly attracted to a magnetic field, due to having unpaired electrons.

Paramagnetic materials have a positive magnetic susceptibility, weakly reacting to external magnetic fields, aligning with the applied field.

In paramagnetism, magnetic susceptibility decreases with increasing temperature.

A type of magnetism where the material has a permanent magnetic moment even without an external field; Strong attraction.

The interaction that causes dipoles to line up in ferromagnetic materials. Mutual reinforcement of magnetic dipoles.

A measure of how easily a material can be magnetized.

The ratio of the magnetic flux density (B) within a material to the magnetic flux density (B0) in a vacuum, describing how much the substance enhances or reduces the magnetic field.

Small regions within a ferromagnetic material where the magnetic moments of atoms are aligned, creating a net magnetic moment.

Thin boundaries separating magnetic domains in a ferromagnetic material, acting as barriers to domain wall motion.

The movement of Bloch walls in response to an external magnetic field, leading to changes in magnetization.

In an unmagnetized ferromagnetic material, the magnetic domains are randomly oriented, resulting in zero net magnetization.

Materials with high magnetic susceptibility align easily with the external field, resulting in a strong magnetic moment within the material.

The internal magnetic field arises from the interaction between magnetic domains, influencing the material's overall magnetization.

Ferromagnetic materials are essential for various applications due to their strong magnetic properties, including magnetic storage, electric motors, and generators.

In ferromagnetic materials, when a magnetic field is applied, domains aligned with the field grow at the expense of unaligned domains.

The boundaries between magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials move to accommodate the applied magnetic field.

When a ferromagnetic material reaches its maximum possible magnetization, all domains are aligned with the applied field.

The temperature at which a ferromagnetic material loses its ferromagnetic properties and becomes paramagnetic.

Ceramic magnetic materials exhibiting ferrimagnetism, often oxides of metals.

The temperature at which a ferrimagnetic material loses its ferrimagnetic properties and becomes paramagnetic.

Soft ferrites are easily magnetized and demagnetized, while hard ferrites have stronger magnetic properties.

Ceramic materials exhibiting high magnetic susceptibility similar to ferromagnetics. They also show Curie-Weiss behavior. They are good insulators, making them ideal for high-frequency transformers.

A type of magnetism where magnetic dipoles align in opposite directions, resulting in zero net magnetization. Examples include MnO, NiO, and CoO.

A graphical representation of the relationship between magnetic flux density (B) and magnetizing force (H) in a ferromagnetic material. It shows how the material's magnetization changes with applied magnetic field.

The point on the hysteresis loop where almost all magnetic domains are aligned, and further increase in magnetizing force produces little change in magnetic flux.

The magnetic flux density (B) that remains in a ferromagnetic material even after the magnetizing force (H) is reduced to zero.

The magnetizing force (H) required to reduce the remaining magnetization (B) in a ferromagnetic material to zero after saturation.

A hysteresis loop with a square-shaped profile, characteristic of ferrites, making them suitable for memory storage devices.

Energy loss in a ferromagnetic material during a complete cycle of magnetization and demagnetization. This loss is represented by the area of the hysteresis loop.

A graphical representation of the relationship between the magnetic field strength (H) and the magnetic flux density (B) in a ferromagnetic material during a cycle of magnetization and demagnetization.

The ability of a ferromagnetic material to retain its magnetization after the external magnetic field is removed.

Materials that are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize. They have a large hysteresis loop area and are used to make permanent magnets.

Materials that are easy to magnetize and demagnetize. They have a small hysteresis loop area and are used in applications where energy loss needs to be minimized.

Hard magnetic materials exhibit a high retentivity, high coercivity, and a large hysteresis loop area. They are difficult to demagnetize and are used for permanent magnets.

Common soft magnetic materials include pure annealed soft iron, iron silicon alloys, nickel-iron alloys, and soft ferrites. These materials are used in applications where energy loss needs to be minimized.