1.3. Non-specific low back pain

What does non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP) refer to?

Back pain that is not attributable to underlying serious spinal pathologies (correct)

Back pain attributed to underlying serious spinal pathologies

Back pain with specific lumbopelvic conditions

Back pain originating from the nervous system's altered perception

What is the term used to describe persistent pain originating from the nervous system's altered perception?

Discogenic pain

Structural impairment

Central sensitisation (correct)

Radiculopathy

Which condition is not considered a red flag for non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Radiculopathy (correct)

Vertebral fractures

Spondylolisthesis

Facet arthritis

What does 'central sensitisation' refer to in clients with nociplastic pain?

Altered nervous system function with altered perception of pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a condition that can affect the lumbar spine?

Radiculopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of our lumbar spine?

Support the weight of our body Signup and view all the answers

What age range is considered older for men in the context of alerting features for back pain?

65 years Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is recommended for immediate assessment in patients with spinal infection?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor that warrants immediate assessment for spinal malignancy?

Unexplained weight loss Signup and view all the answers

Which condition presents as progressive lower limb motor weakness and severe neurologic deficits?

Cauda equina syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of axial spondyloarthritis that should prompt a referral to a rheumatologist?

Positive family history of spondyloarthritis Signup and view all the answers

In the context of LBP, what is the term used to describe an increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input?

Peripheral sensitisation Signup and view all the answers

'Nociplastic pain' originates from altered nociception with sensitisation in which part of the nervous system?

'Central sensitisation' Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pain is defined by increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the absence of evidence for tissue damage/injury?

'Nociplastic pain' Signup and view all the answers

'Peripheral sensitisation' in chronic pain conditions involves altered nociception processing at which level of the nervous system?

Peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

'Central sensitisation' leads to increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the absence of straightforward evidence for what?

'Tissue damage/injury' Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for pain modulation and inhibition in the neural pathways?

Somatosensory cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in assessing central sensitisation symptoms?

Ruling out neuropathic pain Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria are used to confirm neuropathic pain according to the IASP-NeuPSIG guidelines?

Evidence of positive physical and neurological examination Signup and view all the answers

What tool is often used to assess allodynia?

Light touch with a cotton swab Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect mediates sensitization processes related to central sensitisation symptoms?

Fear-avoidance behaviors Signup and view all the answers

According to Nijs et al., (2014), what is Criterion 1 to confirm the presence of central sensitisation symptoms?

Pain experience disproportionate to injury or pathology Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of clients with chronic NSLBP present with widespread pain according to the text?

25-38% Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT mentioned as being associated with widespread pain in clients with chronic musculoskeletal pain?

"On the head" Signup and view all the answers

What term is often used interchangeably with 'NS-LBP' in musculoskeletal practice?

Mechanical Low Back Pain Signup and view all the answers

How is Mechanical Low Back Pain typically described in terms of symptoms?

Pain features specific to nerve and bony dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What can make it difficult to differentiate muscle, joint, and disc dysfunction related mechanical pain?

At times, it is difficult to differentiate Signup and view all the answers

What age group is NS-LBP most common in?

35-55 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of 'Primary Chronic Pain' according to the text?

Characterised by significant emotional distress or functional disability Signup and view all the answers

What do the conditions under 'Primary Chronic Pain' have in common?

They include musculoskeletal, headache, and visceral pain Signup and view all the answers

'Primary Chronic Pain' is conceived as a what by the text?

'Disease' rather than a symptom Signup and view all the answers

'Complex regional pain syndromes' will be discussed in which unit according to the text?

'Topic-3' Signup and view all the answers

'Fibromyalgia' falls under which category of 'Primary Chronic Pain' conditions?

'Chronic Primary Musculoskeletal Pain' Signup and view all the answers

'Repetitive stress: Heavy physical activity and prolonged static postures' are common physical risk factors of what condition according to the text?

'Nociplastic-LBP' Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an important 'yellow flag' for the development of chronic or persistent NS-LBP?

Depression and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is used as a back pain screening tool to identify clients at risk of developing chronic LBP?

StartBack Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor is NOT mentioned as a modifiable risk factor for NS-LBP?

Meditation Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical features should be considered before diagnosing NS-LBP?

Understanding cognitive and behavioral risk factors Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is mentioned as a biological comorbidity risk factor for NS-LBP?

>20 years Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before deciding on NS-LBP as a potential diagnostic classification?

Identify common signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

'StarTBack' is often used as a back pain screening tool to identify clients at risk of developing which type of back pain?

'StarTBack' identifies chronic LBP Signup and view all the answers

'Central sensitisation' is an indicator of abnormal pain perception due to:

'Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI)' Signup and view all the answers

What social factor is mentioned as a risk factor for chronic or persistent NS-LBP?

Socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is commonly used to identify and measure fear-avoidance behaviors in clients with chronic musculoskeletal pain symptoms?

Fear-Avoidance Components Scale Signup and view all the answers

What is classified as 'Acute and subacute low back pain with related cognitive and affective tendencies' in the ICF impairment-based classification?

High scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale Signup and view all the answers

Which management approach is recommended as the primary/first-line treatment for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Physiotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a second-line treatment option for non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Cognitive Functional Therapy Signup and view all the answers

According to the NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, what is NOT recommended for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Paracetamol Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is consistent with excessive anxiety or fear when high scores are observed?

Fear-Avoidance Components Scale Signup and view all the answers

What does high scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale indicate?

Cognitive dysfunctions such as high helplessness Signup and view all the answers

According to the Fear-avoidance model, what behavior do individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain exhibit?

Avoidance of physical and/or occupation activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of assessing central sensitisation in clients with chronic non-specific low back pain?

It plays an integral role in the timely management of low back pain Signup and view all the answers

What score on the Central Sensitization Inventory indicates the presence of central sensitisation?

At least 40 Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the Fear-avoidance model proposed by Vlaeyen and Linton?

Social engagement to reduce pain Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that may aggravate pain catastrophizing according to the text?

Inappropriate communication of diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals who catastrophize about their pain manage their fear according to the Fear-avoidance model?

By avoiding physical and occupation activities Signup and view all the answers

What is one common consequence of chronic musculoskeletal pain according to the text?

Altered mood and emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of pain catastrophizing?

It involves hypervigilance or magnification of pain symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

'Less or poor support of family, friends, and social environment' is cited as a factor that may aggravate what aspect related to chronic pain?

'Reduced self-efficacy' Signup and view all the answers

1.3. Non-specific low back pain

Questions and Answers

What does non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP) refer to?

What is the term used to describe persistent pain originating from the nervous system's altered perception?

Which condition is not considered a red flag for non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

What does 'central sensitisation' refer to in clients with nociplastic pain?

Which of the following is not a condition that can affect the lumbar spine?

What is the primary role of our lumbar spine?

What age range is considered older for men in the context of alerting features for back pain?

Which imaging technique is recommended for immediate assessment in patients with spinal infection?

What is a common risk factor that warrants immediate assessment for spinal malignancy?

Which condition presents as progressive lower limb motor weakness and severe neurologic deficits?

What is the key feature of axial spondyloarthritis that should prompt a referral to a rheumatologist?

In the context of LBP, what is the term used to describe an increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input?

'Nociplastic pain' originates from altered nociception with sensitisation in which part of the nervous system?

Which type of pain is defined by increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the absence of evidence for tissue damage/injury?

'Peripheral sensitisation' in chronic pain conditions involves altered nociception processing at which level of the nervous system?

'Central sensitisation' leads to increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the absence of straightforward evidence for what?

What is responsible for pain modulation and inhibition in the neural pathways?

What is the first step in assessing central sensitisation symptoms?

Which criteria are used to confirm neuropathic pain according to the IASP-NeuPSIG guidelines?

What tool is often used to assess allodynia?

Which aspect mediates sensitization processes related to central sensitisation symptoms?

According to Nijs et al., (2014), what is Criterion 1 to confirm the presence of central sensitisation symptoms?

What percentage of clients with chronic NSLBP present with widespread pain according to the text?

Which area is NOT mentioned as being associated with widespread pain in clients with chronic musculoskeletal pain?

What term is often used interchangeably with 'NS-LBP' in musculoskeletal practice?

How is Mechanical Low Back Pain typically described in terms of symptoms?

What can make it difficult to differentiate muscle, joint, and disc dysfunction related mechanical pain?

What age group is NS-LBP most common in?

What is the key characteristic of 'Primary Chronic Pain' according to the text?

What do the conditions under 'Primary Chronic Pain' have in common?

'Primary Chronic Pain' is conceived as a what by the text?

'Complex regional pain syndromes' will be discussed in which unit according to the text?

'Fibromyalgia' falls under which category of 'Primary Chronic Pain' conditions?

'Repetitive stress: Heavy physical activity and prolonged static postures' are common physical risk factors of what condition according to the text?

What is considered an important 'yellow flag' for the development of chronic or persistent NS-LBP?

Which tool is used as a back pain screening tool to identify clients at risk of developing chronic LBP?

What lifestyle factor is NOT mentioned as a modifiable risk factor for NS-LBP?

Which clinical features should be considered before diagnosing NS-LBP?

Which age group is mentioned as a biological comorbidity risk factor for NS-LBP?

What should be done before deciding on NS-LBP as a potential diagnostic classification?

'StarTBack' is often used as a back pain screening tool to identify clients at risk of developing which type of back pain?

'Central sensitisation' is an indicator of abnormal pain perception due to:

What social factor is mentioned as a risk factor for chronic or persistent NS-LBP?

Which assessment tool is commonly used to identify and measure fear-avoidance behaviors in clients with chronic musculoskeletal pain symptoms?

What is classified as 'Acute and subacute low back pain with related cognitive and affective tendencies' in the ICF impairment-based classification?

Which management approach is recommended as the primary/first-line treatment for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Which of the following is NOT a second-line treatment option for non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

According to the NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, what is NOT recommended for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Which tool is consistent with excessive anxiety or fear when high scores are observed?

What does high scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale indicate?

According to the Fear-avoidance model, what behavior do individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain exhibit?

What is the significance of assessing central sensitisation in clients with chronic non-specific low back pain?

What score on the Central Sensitization Inventory indicates the presence of central sensitisation?

Which factor is NOT associated with the Fear-avoidance model proposed by Vlaeyen and Linton?

What is one factor that may aggravate pain catastrophizing according to the text?

How do individuals who catastrophize about their pain manage their fear according to the Fear-avoidance model?

What is one common consequence of chronic musculoskeletal pain according to the text?

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of pain catastrophizing?

'Less or poor support of family, friends, and social environment' is cited as a factor that may aggravate what aspect related to chronic pain?

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