1.3. Non-specific low back pain

What does non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP) refer to?

What is the term used to describe persistent pain originating from the nervous system's altered perception?

Which condition is not considered a red flag for non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

What does 'central sensitisation' refer to in clients with nociplastic pain?

Which of the following is not a condition that can affect the lumbar spine?

What is the primary role of our lumbar spine?

What age range is considered older for men in the context of alerting features for back pain?

Which imaging technique is recommended for immediate assessment in patients with spinal infection?

What is a common risk factor that warrants immediate assessment for spinal malignancy?

Which condition presents as progressive lower limb motor weakness and severe neurologic deficits?

What is the key feature of axial spondyloarthritis that should prompt a referral to a rheumatologist?

In the context of LBP, what is the term used to describe an increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input?

'Nociplastic pain' originates from altered nociception with sensitisation in which part of the nervous system?

Which type of pain is defined by increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the absence of evidence for tissue damage/injury?

'Peripheral sensitisation' in chronic pain conditions involves altered nociception processing at which level of the nervous system?

'Central sensitisation' leads to increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the absence of straightforward evidence for what?

What is responsible for pain modulation and inhibition in the neural pathways?

What is the first step in assessing central sensitisation symptoms?

Which criteria are used to confirm neuropathic pain according to the IASP-NeuPSIG guidelines?

What tool is often used to assess allodynia?

Which aspect mediates sensitization processes related to central sensitisation symptoms?

According to Nijs et al., (2014), what is Criterion 1 to confirm the presence of central sensitisation symptoms?

What percentage of clients with chronic NSLBP present with widespread pain according to the text?

Which area is NOT mentioned as being associated with widespread pain in clients with chronic musculoskeletal pain?

What term is often used interchangeably with 'NS-LBP' in musculoskeletal practice?

How is Mechanical Low Back Pain typically described in terms of symptoms?

What can make it difficult to differentiate muscle, joint, and disc dysfunction related mechanical pain?

What age group is NS-LBP most common in?

What is the key characteristic of 'Primary Chronic Pain' according to the text?

What do the conditions under 'Primary Chronic Pain' have in common?

'Primary Chronic Pain' is conceived as a what by the text?

'Complex regional pain syndromes' will be discussed in which unit according to the text?

'Fibromyalgia' falls under which category of 'Primary Chronic Pain' conditions?

'Repetitive stress: Heavy physical activity and prolonged static postures' are common physical risk factors of what condition according to the text?

What is considered an important 'yellow flag' for the development of chronic or persistent NS-LBP?

Which tool is used as a back pain screening tool to identify clients at risk of developing chronic LBP?

What lifestyle factor is NOT mentioned as a modifiable risk factor for NS-LBP?

Which clinical features should be considered before diagnosing NS-LBP?

Which age group is mentioned as a biological comorbidity risk factor for NS-LBP?

What should be done before deciding on NS-LBP as a potential diagnostic classification?

'StarTBack' is often used as a back pain screening tool to identify clients at risk of developing which type of back pain?

'Central sensitisation' is an indicator of abnormal pain perception due to:

What social factor is mentioned as a risk factor for chronic or persistent NS-LBP?

Which assessment tool is commonly used to identify and measure fear-avoidance behaviors in clients with chronic musculoskeletal pain symptoms?

What is classified as 'Acute and subacute low back pain with related cognitive and affective tendencies' in the ICF impairment-based classification?

Which management approach is recommended as the primary/first-line treatment for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Which of the following is NOT a second-line treatment option for non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

According to the NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, what is NOT recommended for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP)?

Which tool is consistent with excessive anxiety or fear when high scores are observed?

What does high scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale indicate?

According to the Fear-avoidance model, what behavior do individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain exhibit?

What is the significance of assessing central sensitisation in clients with chronic non-specific low back pain?

What score on the Central Sensitization Inventory indicates the presence of central sensitisation?

Which factor is NOT associated with the Fear-avoidance model proposed by Vlaeyen and Linton?

What is one factor that may aggravate pain catastrophizing according to the text?

How do individuals who catastrophize about their pain manage their fear according to the Fear-avoidance model?

What is one common consequence of chronic musculoskeletal pain according to the text?

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of pain catastrophizing?

'Less or poor support of family, friends, and social environment' is cited as a factor that may aggravate what aspect related to chronic pain?