Understanding India: Geography, Culture, and Heritage

Study Notes

Diverse landscapes include mountains, plains, and rivers; significant ranges include the Himalayas and Western Ghats.
India has a large and growing population, with varied distribution influenced by urbanization and migration trends.
Major festivals celebrated across India reflect its rich cultural heritage, including Diwali, Holi, Eid, and Christmas.
Culinary traditions vary regionally, showcasing diverse flavors and cooking styles; popular dishes include biryani, dosa, and sweets like gulab jamun.
Traditional costumes vary among regions: saree for women and dhoti or kurta for men symbolize cultural identity.

Vedic Age laid the foundation for Hinduism, emphasizing rituals and hymns known as Vedas.
Buddhism and Jainism emerged as reformative religions, promoting non-violence and truth.
Bhakti and Sufi movements emphasized devotion and mystical practices, fostering unity.
Significant architectural styles include Indus Valley Town Planning, rock-cut temples, Indo-Islamic architecture (e.g., Taj Mahal), and colonial architecture.
Ajanta paintings depict Buddhist themes, while the Bengal School of Art represents a modern Indian art form merging traditional and contemporary styles.

The Revolt of 1857 marked India's first major uprising against British rule, leading to increased awareness of independence.
The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.
The Swadeshi Movement encouraged the boycott of British goods and promoted Indian-made products.
Gandhian Movements focused on non-violent resistance, key to mobilizing masses for independence.
Subhas Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army (INA) to fight against British colonial rule.
India gained independence on August 15, 1947, resulting in the partition into India and Pakistan.

The Preamble outlines the fundamental values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Salient features include a federal structure, parliamentary system, and the distinction of fundamental rights.
Fundamental Rights guarantee individual freedoms and protect against discrimination (e.g., right to equality, right to freedom).
Fundamental Duties serve as guidelines for citizens to uphold the Constitution and promote harmony.

India operates as a mixed economy, combining elements of capitalism and socialism.
The Planning Commission aimed to formulate economic plans and policies for national development.
Economic liberalization began in 1991, introducing reforms to open up the Indian economy to global markets, attracting foreign investment, and promoting privatization.