Appetite Week 5

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Questions and Answers

What do food taboos refer to?

Foods that are universally accepted and consumed in all cultures

Nutritious and edible things that a culture does not tolerate as food (correct)

Foods that are only consumed during specific cultural ceremonies

Foods that are considered sacred and only eaten by religious leaders

What does the term 'taboo' derive from?

The Sanskrit term for 'ritual'

The Latin word for 'forbidden'

The Polynesian concept of to 'set-apart' (correct)

The Greek word for 'sacred'

What are two key aspects of food taboos in general?

Diversification and modernization

Initiation and moralization (correct)

Standardization and industrialization

Commercialization and globalization

Which culture considers pigs as food taboos?

Jewish and Muslim cultures Signup and view all the answers

According to Cannon & Washburn’s (1912) theory, why did they conclude that stomach contractions caused hunger?

Stomach contractions were observed before people reported feeling hungry Signup and view all the answers

What do modern findings reveal about the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?

Modern findings reveal only a weak relationship between stomach contractions and hunger Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about people without a stomach or with a 'tiny' stomach?

People without a stomach or with a 'tiny' stomach can still feel hungry Signup and view all the answers

What are stomach contractions considered to be, based on the text?

A signal that the stomach is empty Signup and view all the answers

What is a historical example of cannibalism mentioned in the text?

Nazi siege of Leningrad in WWII Signup and view all the answers

In which cultures are women and children considered most desirable for consumption?

Cultural aversion to human flesh Signup and view all the answers

What are the religious and ecological reasons for avoiding consumption of pigs, cows, and insects?

Pigs are considered sacred in some cultures Signup and view all the answers

Why is there an ecological explanation for avoiding pigs in hot arid climates?

Competition for food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for cow consumption avoidance in India?

To protect motive power and protein source Signup and view all the answers

Which cultures approve of insect eating?

Many cultures, including biblical references and modern practices Signup and view all the answers

Where has vegetarianism emerged and grown significantly in the West?

US, Europe, and Australia Signup and view all the answers

What are the moral and ecological drivers of vegetarianism?

Significant attitudinal overlap with 'green politics' Signup and view all the answers

What are the environmental impacts of meat production mentioned in the text?

Energy, water, and land use, and waste generation Signup and view all the answers

What are the concerns about massive animal production?

Pollution and health risks Signup and view all the answers

What is speculated about the future of meat consumption?

It could become a new taboo in the future Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential for major social change in attitudes toward meat consumption based on?

Its ecological costs Signup and view all the answers

Which category do food taboos NOT fall into?

Cultural Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is NOT associated with food taboos?

Evolution Signup and view all the answers

Which disease risk is NOT associated with consuming human flesh?

Hepatitis C Signup and view all the answers

Which country had a case involving the consumption of human flesh that was not universally illegal?

Germany Signup and view all the answers

Which organization expressed support for the Andes survivors who consumed human flesh for survival?

The Catholic church Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing food taboos?

Cultural identity Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk associated with consuming human flesh?

Transmission of bloodborne diseases Signup and view all the answers

What do theories of food taboos encompass?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which religious criteria are examples of food taboos?

Halal and Kashrut Signup and view all the answers

What is the stance of the Catholic church on the consumption of human flesh by Andes survivors?

Supportive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the transmission of prion diseases through consuming human flesh?

Abnormal proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the nutritional value of human flesh compared to other meats?

Comparable Signup and view all the answers

What is a known reason for regular consumption of human flesh?

Cultural funeral rituals Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of ritually sacrificing and eating victims in the Aztec empire?

To address protein deficiency and famine Signup and view all the answers

What led to institutionalized flesh eating among the Aztecs?

Lack of large game and domestic animals Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the purposes of flesh eating in Mesoamerica?

To appease the gods during droughts and famines Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Spanish conquistadores have on the Aztec culture of flesh eating?

They extinguished the Aztec meat-eating culture Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a breakdown of social structures, according to the text?

Instances of widespread cannibalism Signup and view all the answers

What was the cause of the Cairo famine?

Grain harvest failure Signup and view all the answers

Who recorded detailed accounts of the events during the Cairo famine?

Abd al-Latif, an Iraqi doctor Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence definitively points to human flesh eating in Neolithic times?

Evidence from human coprolites Signup and view all the answers

What did genetic evidence from the Fore people suggest about cannibalism?

Selective advantage in heterozygotes for prion diseases Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate number of people ritually sacrificed per year at the height of the Aztec empire?

0.25 million Signup and view all the answers

Besides cultural reasons, when else did regular consumption of human flesh occur?

During famine Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of desire for food during an eating bout?

Satiation Signup and view all the answers

Which measures are considered more reliable than subjective reports of hunger in experimental studies of humans?

Objective measures such as amount consumed Signup and view all the answers

What are the three recurring themes in the control of eating?

Biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, and central versus peripheral controls Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physiological state after a meal when hunger is absent?

Satiety Signup and view all the answers

What are the two meanings of hunger mentioned in the text?

Subjective and objective Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of controlling dietary choices mentioned in the text?

Cultural food taboos Signup and view all the answers

What is questioned regarding the direct causation of hunger by stomach contractions?

The direct causation of hunger by stomach contractions Signup and view all the answers

What must be considered in controlling eating according to the text?

Both short-term and long-term energy needs Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for promoting healthy eating, managing obesity, eating disorders, and understanding food intake regulation?

The study of what controls eating Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the varied sensations and desires to eat related to hunger?

Hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absence of hunger and the physiological state after a meal?

Satiety Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for understanding obesity, eating disorders, and promoting healthy eating according to the text?

The interplay between hunger, satiety, and appetite Signup and view all the answers

What may drive the amount we eat, according to the text?

Hunger Signup and view all the answers

What does the Caves study suggest about human eating behavior?

Reliance on the way we feel Signup and view all the answers

What is especially pertinent to small mammals like a mouse, according to the text?

Managing short-term and long-term energy needs Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about human management of short-term and long-term energy needs?

Fairly good at it, but not perfect Signup and view all the answers

What effect does eating with TV have on subsequent meals?

Increases the amount eaten at subsequent meals Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a hole is made in the oesophagus of animals to allow food to come out at that point?

The animals eat far more than normal Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inflating a balloon in the stomach have on sham feeding?

No effect, unless the balloon is very expanded Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sham feeding when food is placed directly in the stomach?

Reduces sham feeding, even with a pyloric cuff Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of nutrient density and fiber content of food placed directly in the stomach?

Hastens satiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of sweet taste on food consumption?

Sweet foods are consumed in greater quantities than non-sweet foods Signup and view all the answers

What happens when food is broken down in the stomach and gut?

A range of chemicals are released into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mouth in controlling food intake?

Sensory factors in controlling intake Signup and view all the answers

What are the three important and recurring themes in the control of eating mentioned in the text?

Biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, central controls Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the feeling of hunger according to Cannon & Washburn’s (1912) theory?

Stomach contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for environmental cues associated with food that can trigger hunger?

Conditioned cues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor revealed by modern findings about the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?

Weak relationship between stomach contractions and hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the main rationale behind the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?

An empty stomach produces contractions which cause hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is directly analogous to the environmental food cues triggering hunger?

Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments with dogs Signup and view all the answers

What is the conclusion drawn from the modern measurement techniques regarding stomach contractions and hunger?

Only a weak relationship exists between stomach contractions and hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that triggers hunger according to the text?

Environmental cues associated with food Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of peripheral/environmental controls mentioned in the text?

Psychological focus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion drawn from the findings regarding stomach contractions and hunger?

Stomach contractions have only a weak relationship with hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of central controls mentioned in the text?

Biological focus Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a full stomach according to the rationale mentioned in the text?

Eliminates the desire to eat Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences food intake unconsciously, and smaller plates at home can reduce intake?

Portion size Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which factor consistently promotes food intake, with more people leading to more food consumed per person?

Social facilitation effects Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger eating via associative learning, and just sitting and watching TV can trigger eating?

Television viewing Signup and view all the answers

What has evidence suggested about meal sizes and inter-meal intervals across the course of a day in American participants?

Meal sizes increase and inter-meal intervals decrease Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested to increase food consumption in the fall, possibly due to the drop in ambient temperature or shortening days?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

What can increase food intake via the same mechanisms as for social facilitation, and the effects are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting?

Television viewing Signup and view all the answers

What serves as a cue to eating, with meal times changing historically and driven by artificial light and work requirements?

Time Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?

Ambient temperature Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Controlling Food Intake: Hunger, Satiety, and Appetite

Food taboos are present in all cultures and serve as a powerful means of controlling dietary choices.
The study of what controls eating is crucial for promoting healthy eating, managing obesity, eating disorders, and understanding food intake regulation.
Hunger has both subjective (psychological) and objective (nutrient-depleted state) meanings, leading to varied sensations and desires to eat.
Satiation is the loss of desire for food during an eating bout, with both subjective and objective meanings, while satiety refers to the absence of hunger and the physiological state after a meal.
Objective measures such as amount consumed, eating rate, and food types selected are more reliable than subjective reports of hunger in experimental studies of humans.
Food intake can be driven by hunger or satiety, and both short-term and long-term energy needs must be considered in controlling eating.
The control of eating is complex, involving biological and psychological factors, and there are three recurring themes: biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, and central versus peripheral controls.
Stomach contractions historically represented hunger, prompting eating, and stopping when the stomach is filled, but the direct causation of hunger by stomach contractions is questioned.
The study of food intake regulation is essential for understanding obesity, eating disorders, and promoting healthy eating.
Both subjective and objective measures are used in experimental studies to understand hunger, satiety, and food intake regulation.
The study of food intake regulation involves biological and psychological factors, and the interplay between hunger, satiety, and appetite is complex.
Understanding the control of food intake is important for addressing public health issues such as obesity and eating disorders, and for promoting healthy eating behaviors.

Peripheral Factors Influencing Food Intake

Portion size significantly influences food intake unconsciously, and smaller plates at home can reduce intake.
Larger food packets lead to larger serves, and portion sizes have increased in recent years.
The greater the variety of foods available, the more one will typically eat due to sensory specific satiety and more choice.
Making food more accessible increases consumption, and people tend to eat more if no extra effort is needed to obtain the food.
Time serves as a cue to eating, with meal times changing historically and driven by artificial light and work requirements.
Evidence suggests that meal sizes increase and inter-meal intervals decrease across the course of a day in American participants.
Ambient temperature and temperature regulation have been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger.
Food consumption consistently increases in the fall, possibly due to the drop in ambient temperature or shortening days.
The number of people present when eating consistently promotes food intake, with more people leading to more food consumed per person.
Social facilitation effects are most pronounced for family members and friends, and occur for any type of meal or snack.
Television viewing can increase food intake via the same mechanisms as for social facilitation, and the effects are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting.
TV viewing can trigger eating via associative learning, and just sitting and watching TV can trigger eating.

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Description

Test your knowledge of hunger, satiety, and appetite control with this quiz. Explore the biological and psychological factors that influence food intake regulation, and understand the complexities of managing obesity and eating disorders while promoting healthy eating behaviors.