Podcast
Questions and Answers
What do food taboos refer to?
What do food taboos refer to?
- Foods that are universally accepted and consumed in all cultures
- Nutritious and edible things that a culture does not tolerate as food (correct)
- Foods that are only consumed during specific cultural ceremonies
- Foods that are considered sacred and only eaten by religious leaders
What does the term 'taboo' derive from?
What does the term 'taboo' derive from?
- The Sanskrit term for 'ritual'
- The Latin word for 'forbidden'
- The Polynesian concept of to 'set-apart' (correct)
- The Greek word for 'sacred'
What are two key aspects of food taboos in general?
What are two key aspects of food taboos in general?
- Diversification and modernization
- Initiation and moralization (correct)
- Standardization and industrialization
- Commercialization and globalization
Which culture considers pigs as food taboos?
Which culture considers pigs as food taboos?
According to Cannon & Washburn’s (1912) theory, why did they conclude that stomach contractions caused hunger?
According to Cannon & Washburn’s (1912) theory, why did they conclude that stomach contractions caused hunger?
What do modern findings reveal about the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
What do modern findings reveal about the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
What does the text suggest about people without a stomach or with a 'tiny' stomach?
What does the text suggest about people without a stomach or with a 'tiny' stomach?
What are stomach contractions considered to be, based on the text?
What are stomach contractions considered to be, based on the text?
What is a historical example of cannibalism mentioned in the text?
What is a historical example of cannibalism mentioned in the text?
In which cultures are women and children considered most desirable for consumption?
In which cultures are women and children considered most desirable for consumption?
What are the religious and ecological reasons for avoiding consumption of pigs, cows, and insects?
What are the religious and ecological reasons for avoiding consumption of pigs, cows, and insects?
Why is there an ecological explanation for avoiding pigs in hot arid climates?
Why is there an ecological explanation for avoiding pigs in hot arid climates?
What is the primary reason for cow consumption avoidance in India?
What is the primary reason for cow consumption avoidance in India?
Which cultures approve of insect eating?
Which cultures approve of insect eating?
Where has vegetarianism emerged and grown significantly in the West?
Where has vegetarianism emerged and grown significantly in the West?
What are the moral and ecological drivers of vegetarianism?
What are the moral and ecological drivers of vegetarianism?
What are the environmental impacts of meat production mentioned in the text?
What are the environmental impacts of meat production mentioned in the text?
What are the concerns about massive animal production?
What are the concerns about massive animal production?
What is speculated about the future of meat consumption?
What is speculated about the future of meat consumption?
What is the potential for major social change in attitudes toward meat consumption based on?
What is the potential for major social change in attitudes toward meat consumption based on?
Which category do food taboos NOT fall into?
Which category do food taboos NOT fall into?
Which theory is NOT associated with food taboos?
Which theory is NOT associated with food taboos?
Which disease risk is NOT associated with consuming human flesh?
Which disease risk is NOT associated with consuming human flesh?
Which country had a case involving the consumption of human flesh that was not universally illegal?
Which country had a case involving the consumption of human flesh that was not universally illegal?
Which organization expressed support for the Andes survivors who consumed human flesh for survival?
Which organization expressed support for the Andes survivors who consumed human flesh for survival?
What is the primary factor influencing food taboos?
What is the primary factor influencing food taboos?
What is the potential risk associated with consuming human flesh?
What is the potential risk associated with consuming human flesh?
What do theories of food taboos encompass?
What do theories of food taboos encompass?
Which religious criteria are examples of food taboos?
Which religious criteria are examples of food taboos?
What is the stance of the Catholic church on the consumption of human flesh by Andes survivors?
What is the stance of the Catholic church on the consumption of human flesh by Andes survivors?
What is the primary reason for the transmission of prion diseases through consuming human flesh?
What is the primary reason for the transmission of prion diseases through consuming human flesh?
What is the nutritional value of human flesh compared to other meats?
What is the nutritional value of human flesh compared to other meats?
What is a known reason for regular consumption of human flesh?
What is a known reason for regular consumption of human flesh?
What was the purpose of ritually sacrificing and eating victims in the Aztec empire?
What was the purpose of ritually sacrificing and eating victims in the Aztec empire?
What led to institutionalized flesh eating among the Aztecs?
What led to institutionalized flesh eating among the Aztecs?
What was one of the purposes of flesh eating in Mesoamerica?
What was one of the purposes of flesh eating in Mesoamerica?
What effect did the Spanish conquistadores have on the Aztec culture of flesh eating?
What effect did the Spanish conquistadores have on the Aztec culture of flesh eating?
What is a consequence of a breakdown of social structures, according to the text?
What is a consequence of a breakdown of social structures, according to the text?
What was the cause of the Cairo famine?
What was the cause of the Cairo famine?
Who recorded detailed accounts of the events during the Cairo famine?
Who recorded detailed accounts of the events during the Cairo famine?
What type of evidence definitively points to human flesh eating in Neolithic times?
What type of evidence definitively points to human flesh eating in Neolithic times?
What did genetic evidence from the Fore people suggest about cannibalism?
What did genetic evidence from the Fore people suggest about cannibalism?
What was the approximate number of people ritually sacrificed per year at the height of the Aztec empire?
What was the approximate number of people ritually sacrificed per year at the height of the Aztec empire?
Besides cultural reasons, when else did regular consumption of human flesh occur?
Besides cultural reasons, when else did regular consumption of human flesh occur?
What is the term for the loss of desire for food during an eating bout?
What is the term for the loss of desire for food during an eating bout?
Which measures are considered more reliable than subjective reports of hunger in experimental studies of humans?
Which measures are considered more reliable than subjective reports of hunger in experimental studies of humans?
What are the three recurring themes in the control of eating?
What are the three recurring themes in the control of eating?
What is the term for the physiological state after a meal when hunger is absent?
What is the term for the physiological state after a meal when hunger is absent?
What are the two meanings of hunger mentioned in the text?
What are the two meanings of hunger mentioned in the text?
What is the primary means of controlling dietary choices mentioned in the text?
What is the primary means of controlling dietary choices mentioned in the text?
What is questioned regarding the direct causation of hunger by stomach contractions?
What is questioned regarding the direct causation of hunger by stomach contractions?
What must be considered in controlling eating according to the text?
What must be considered in controlling eating according to the text?
What is crucial for promoting healthy eating, managing obesity, eating disorders, and understanding food intake regulation?
What is crucial for promoting healthy eating, managing obesity, eating disorders, and understanding food intake regulation?
What is the term for the varied sensations and desires to eat related to hunger?
What is the term for the varied sensations and desires to eat related to hunger?
What is the term for the absence of hunger and the physiological state after a meal?
What is the term for the absence of hunger and the physiological state after a meal?
What is essential for understanding obesity, eating disorders, and promoting healthy eating according to the text?
What is essential for understanding obesity, eating disorders, and promoting healthy eating according to the text?
What may drive the amount we eat, according to the text?
What may drive the amount we eat, according to the text?
What does the Caves study suggest about human eating behavior?
What does the Caves study suggest about human eating behavior?
What is especially pertinent to small mammals like a mouse, according to the text?
What is especially pertinent to small mammals like a mouse, according to the text?
What does the text suggest about human management of short-term and long-term energy needs?
What does the text suggest about human management of short-term and long-term energy needs?
What effect does eating with TV have on subsequent meals?
What effect does eating with TV have on subsequent meals?
What happens when a hole is made in the oesophagus of animals to allow food to come out at that point?
What happens when a hole is made in the oesophagus of animals to allow food to come out at that point?
What effect does inflating a balloon in the stomach have on sham feeding?
What effect does inflating a balloon in the stomach have on sham feeding?
What happens to sham feeding when food is placed directly in the stomach?
What happens to sham feeding when food is placed directly in the stomach?
What is the impact of nutrient density and fiber content of food placed directly in the stomach?
What is the impact of nutrient density and fiber content of food placed directly in the stomach?
What is the impact of sweet taste on food consumption?
What is the impact of sweet taste on food consumption?
What happens when food is broken down in the stomach and gut?
What happens when food is broken down in the stomach and gut?
What is the role of the mouth in controlling food intake?
What is the role of the mouth in controlling food intake?
What are the three important and recurring themes in the control of eating mentioned in the text?
What are the three important and recurring themes in the control of eating mentioned in the text?
What is the primary reason for the feeling of hunger according to Cannon & Washburn’s (1912) theory?
What is the primary reason for the feeling of hunger according to Cannon & Washburn’s (1912) theory?
What is the term used for environmental cues associated with food that can trigger hunger?
What is the term used for environmental cues associated with food that can trigger hunger?
What is the primary factor revealed by modern findings about the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the primary factor revealed by modern findings about the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the main rationale behind the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the main rationale behind the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
What is directly analogous to the environmental food cues triggering hunger?
What is directly analogous to the environmental food cues triggering hunger?
What is the conclusion drawn from the modern measurement techniques regarding stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the conclusion drawn from the modern measurement techniques regarding stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the primary factor that triggers hunger according to the text?
What is the primary factor that triggers hunger according to the text?
What is the main focus of peripheral/environmental controls mentioned in the text?
What is the main focus of peripheral/environmental controls mentioned in the text?
What is the main conclusion drawn from the findings regarding stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the main conclusion drawn from the findings regarding stomach contractions and hunger?
What is the primary focus of central controls mentioned in the text?
What is the primary focus of central controls mentioned in the text?
What is the consequence of a full stomach according to the rationale mentioned in the text?
What is the consequence of a full stomach according to the rationale mentioned in the text?
What factor influences food intake unconsciously, and smaller plates at home can reduce intake?
What factor influences food intake unconsciously, and smaller plates at home can reduce intake?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
Which factor consistently promotes food intake, with more people leading to more food consumed per person?
Which factor consistently promotes food intake, with more people leading to more food consumed per person?
What can trigger eating via associative learning, and just sitting and watching TV can trigger eating?
What can trigger eating via associative learning, and just sitting and watching TV can trigger eating?
What has evidence suggested about meal sizes and inter-meal intervals across the course of a day in American participants?
What has evidence suggested about meal sizes and inter-meal intervals across the course of a day in American participants?
What has been suggested to increase food consumption in the fall, possibly due to the drop in ambient temperature or shortening days?
What has been suggested to increase food consumption in the fall, possibly due to the drop in ambient temperature or shortening days?
What can increase food intake via the same mechanisms as for social facilitation, and the effects are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting?
What can increase food intake via the same mechanisms as for social facilitation, and the effects are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting?
What serves as a cue to eating, with meal times changing historically and driven by artificial light and work requirements?
What serves as a cue to eating, with meal times changing historically and driven by artificial light and work requirements?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
What has been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger?
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Study Notes
Controlling Food Intake: Hunger, Satiety, and Appetite
- Food taboos are present in all cultures and serve as a powerful means of controlling dietary choices.
- The study of what controls eating is crucial for promoting healthy eating, managing obesity, eating disorders, and understanding food intake regulation.
- Hunger has both subjective (psychological) and objective (nutrient-depleted state) meanings, leading to varied sensations and desires to eat.
- Satiation is the loss of desire for food during an eating bout, with both subjective and objective meanings, while satiety refers to the absence of hunger and the physiological state after a meal.
- Objective measures such as amount consumed, eating rate, and food types selected are more reliable than subjective reports of hunger in experimental studies of humans.
- Food intake can be driven by hunger or satiety, and both short-term and long-term energy needs must be considered in controlling eating.
- The control of eating is complex, involving biological and psychological factors, and there are three recurring themes: biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, and central versus peripheral controls.
- Stomach contractions historically represented hunger, prompting eating, and stopping when the stomach is filled, but the direct causation of hunger by stomach contractions is questioned.
- The study of food intake regulation is essential for understanding obesity, eating disorders, and promoting healthy eating.
- Both subjective and objective measures are used in experimental studies to understand hunger, satiety, and food intake regulation.
- The study of food intake regulation involves biological and psychological factors, and the interplay between hunger, satiety, and appetite is complex.
- Understanding the control of food intake is important for addressing public health issues such as obesity and eating disorders, and for promoting healthy eating behaviors.
Peripheral Factors Influencing Food Intake
- Portion size significantly influences food intake unconsciously, and smaller plates at home can reduce intake.
- Larger food packets lead to larger serves, and portion sizes have increased in recent years.
- The greater the variety of foods available, the more one will typically eat due to sensory specific satiety and more choice.
- Making food more accessible increases consumption, and people tend to eat more if no extra effort is needed to obtain the food.
- Time serves as a cue to eating, with meal times changing historically and driven by artificial light and work requirements.
- Evidence suggests that meal sizes increase and inter-meal intervals decrease across the course of a day in American participants.
- Ambient temperature and temperature regulation have been suggested to affect appetite, with body temperature drops increasing hunger.
- Food consumption consistently increases in the fall, possibly due to the drop in ambient temperature or shortening days.
- The number of people present when eating consistently promotes food intake, with more people leading to more food consumed per person.
- Social facilitation effects are most pronounced for family members and friends, and occur for any type of meal or snack.
- Television viewing can increase food intake via the same mechanisms as for social facilitation, and the effects are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting.
- TV viewing can trigger eating via associative learning, and just sitting and watching TV can trigger eating.
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