Understanding Health and Health Services

• Health derives from "hal," meaning "hale, sound, whole"
• World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease
• Health is a dynamic, multidimensional state resulting from interactions and adaptations to the environment

Health Service

• Organized provision of medical care to individuals or communities
• Services that aim to promote, maintain, monitor, or restore health
• Beneficial health service must be timely, equitable, integrated, and efficient

Components of Quality Health Care

• Effective: Providing healthcare services based on evidence
• Safe: Avoiding unnecessary harm to patients

Categories of Health Services

Promotive Health Services

• Focused on enhancing overall health by encouraging healthy behaviors and environments through messaging.
• Includes health education campaigns, mental health awareness, and road safety campaigns
• Keyword: TO PROMOTE

Preventive Health Services

• Aims to prevent the onset of diseases and health conditions
• Includes immunization, screening, and health education
• Health education prevents disease through knowledge
• Keyword: TO PREVENT

Curative Health Services

• Involves diagnosis and treatment of existing illnesses or health conditions
• Includes medical consultations, surgeries, and medication therapies
• Keyword: TO CURE

Rehabilitative Health Services

• Focused on restoring a person to normal or near-normal function after physical or mental illness
• Includes physical and occupational therapy, and interventions (done especially for addicts)
• Keyword: REHAB

Palliative Health Services

• Provides relief from the symptoms and stress of serious illnesses.
• Focuses on improving the quality of life for patients and their families
• Includes pain management, hospice care, and advance care planning

International Health Agencies

• Public health with origins in developing nations and industrialized countries' efforts in assisting
• Four types: multilateral donor, bilateral, non-governmental organizations, and other health agencies

Multilateral Donor Health Agencies

• Agencies that represent a group of countries
• Funding from multiple governments and non-government sources
• Multi-directional and can provide care and health to multiple countries

United Nations

• Agencies under Multilateral Donor Health Agencies come from here.
• Founded in 1945
• Currently comprises 193 member states

UN Purposes

• To keep peace throughout the world
• To develop friendly relationships among nations
• To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people and encourage respect for each other's rights
• To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

History of the United Nations:

• April 25-26, 1945: 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California where they drafted and signed the UN Charter
• June 26, 1945: UN Charter was signed
• First countries to sign: China, France, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States of America
• October 24, 1945: The UN officially began and the UN Charter came into force

UN Charter

• Founding document of the UN and an instrument of international law which all UN Member States are bounded to
• The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations

Main Bodies of the UN

• General Assembly: main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN with universal representation
• Security Council: primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security and has 15 members (5 permanent, 10 non-permanent)
• Economic and Social Council: principle body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on economic, social, and environmental issues as well as mechanism for UN activities
• Trusteeship Council: established in 1945, providing International supervision for 11 Trust Territories
• International Court of Justice: The principal judicial organ of the United Nations, located in Hague (Netherlands), called the Peace Palace. Role is to settle legal disputes and give advisory opinions.
• Secretariat: Comprises the Secretaries-General and staff members who carry out daily work, Office of the Secretary-General of the UN: António Guterres

Sustainable Development Goals

• Adopted by the UN in 2015 to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• Universal set of goals/targets that UN member states are using to frame agendas/political policies through 2030.
• Aims to address inequalities between and within nations
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Achieve food security and promote sustainable agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
• Achieve gender equality, and empower women and girls

Regional Offices of the World Health Organization (WHO)

• African (AFRO): Located in Brazzaville, Congo
• Americas (PAHO): Located in Washington, D.C, United States
• Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO): Located in Cairo, Egypt
• Europe (EURO): Located in Copenhagen, Denmark
• Southeast Asia (SEARO): Located in New Delhi, India
• Western Pacific (WPRO): Located in Manila, Philippines

History of WHO

• 1945: Planning for the WHO began when a charter of the UN was adopted
• 1946: written into the charter - At the International Health Conference in New York City, representatives from all of the countries in the UN succeeded in creating and ratifying the constitution of the WHO
• April 7, 1948 - The WHO constitution went into force and the organization officially began its work

Key Milestones

• The formal creation of WHO happened on April 7, 1948.
• April 7 = World Health Organization Day
• 1952: Jonas Salk develops the enacted polio vaccine (injection)
• 1961: Albert Sabin develops the attenuated live-virus vaccine (oral)
• 1978: WHO sets the aspirational goal "Health for All"
• 1980: Smallpox is eradicated following a 12-year global vaccination campaign
• 1983: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is discovered
• 1999: The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) is established
• The first global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was created
• 2000: At the Millenium Summit, the leaders in history adopted the UN Millenium Declaration, with a deadline of 2015
• The WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) was established to detect and combat the international spread of outbreaks
• 2001: The UN Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS
• The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
• 2008: Heart disease and stroke was noted as the world’s number-one killers
• 2009: The emergence of the new H1N1 influenza virus (was spread through Avians)
• 2014: Ebola outbreak in West Africa
• 2015: Creation of the Sustainable Development in which all UN member states were to adopt as the 2030 Agenda
• 2016 UN declaration on antimicrobial resistance
• 2019 - UN declaration on universal health coverage
• 2020 Global outbreak of novel coronavirus in which it was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and Announced during March 15 for the Philippines
• 2021: Antiretroviral therapy was made more accessible
• WHO recommends a ground-breaking malaria vaccine
• 2023 - WHO 75th Anniversary year

Core Functions of the WHO

• Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships
• Shaping the research agenda and knowledge dissemination
• Setting norms/standards and monitoring implementation
• Articulating ethical and evidence-based policy
• Providing technical support and sustainable capacity
• Monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends

World Bank

• Working for a World Free of Poverty- The World Bank is made up of 189 member countries
• Provides low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing countries that will lead to the economic growth of that country
• A vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world
• March 5, 2025: World Bank approved a $495.60 million loan for the Philippine Health System Resilience Project which aims to rebuild a resilient health system
• 2023

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF):

• UNICEF protects the rights of every child, especially the most disadvantaged
• Established December 11, 1946, in the aftermath of World War II
• Headquarters: New York City
• Provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children devastated by World War II
• Protects children from violence and abuse. Brings clean water and sanitation and keeps children safe from climate change & a largest provider of vaccines

Funding

• United Nations Development Fund (UNDP) was established in 1965
• Lead Agency of the UN on international development: Poverty, Governance, Sustainable energy and crisis prevention

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

• Formed in 1945 Quebec City, Canada
• Rome, Italy (Headquarters)
• UN organization to defeat hunger. Aims of raising living standards, improving nutrition and increase farming efficiency/condition

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS):

• Leading the global effort to end AIDS. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

Bilateral Health Agencies

• Provide aid on a country-to-country basis & the official body for a single country or government, providing aid. One country that is developed, providing aid to another country
• United States Agency for International Development (USAID) - enhance systems and fortify health. Key focuses are on child/maternal/reproductive health

Non-Governmental Organizations

• "People to people" aid, using resources to address healthcare initiatives
• View human rights as the base for addressing the untreated pain
• (ICRC) - Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland, and their mission is to protect the lives/dignity of victims and provide with assistance
• Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) aka Doctors Without Borders, and it assists populations in distress/victims

The Philippine Health Care System

• Institute of Medicine (IOM) (1988) says that Public Health a society do collectively as what will assure the people is healthy
• Through the history of colonial periods (Spain), Americans took reins of the government as President

Public/Government Sector

• Consists of the national/local agencies
• Largely financed through both national/local budgeting system
• Health care is generally free at the point of service
• There are 2 levels: National Level (DOH) and Local Level (LGUs)

Department of Health:

• Serves as the main governing body of health services in the country, lead by a secretary and his vision - the fillipinos in Southeast Asia can get healthy, and their mission is to get the best health systems and what comes wit hit
• The are lots of values, for those compassionate human services
• Leader in Health: A elucidated by leaders and programs, and its evaluated by what they have

Government and Local Health

• Government in the Philippines consists of provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays
• Local Health Boards and devoultioun - devoltin act of who is in control

Roles in Health

• The Rural health which focuses to Preventative and promotive with Health Nurse which have their own functions the rural health, and their goal is to reach that goal to getting their healthcare in this are

• Healthcare facilities, the primary (first) contact for facilities, the long term food and shelter