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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nail matrix?
What is the primary function of the nail matrix?
- To provide a protective cover for the fingertips
- To support the nail during physical activities
- To separate the nail from the surrounding skin
- To serve as a growth zone for new nail production (correct)
Which part of the nail extends under the overlying skin?
Which part of the nail extends under the overlying skin?
- Nail fold
- Nail root (correct)
- Nail body
- Free edge
What is the lunule in the context of nail anatomy?
What is the lunule in the context of nail anatomy?
- The opaque white crescent at the proximal end of the nail (correct)
- The surrounding skin rising above the nail
- The skin underlying the nail plate
- The visible part of the nail above the skin
What structure separates the nail fold from the nail plate?
What structure separates the nail fold from the nail plate?
What is the epidermis of the nail bed known as?
What is the epidermis of the nail bed known as?
What is the primary source of stem cells for follicle growth?
What is the primary source of stem cells for follicle growth?
Which layer of the hair follicle is derived from the dermis?
Which layer of the hair follicle is derived from the dermis?
What determines the texture of hair?
What determines the texture of hair?
What causes hair to stand up, creating goosebumps?
What causes hair to stand up, creating goosebumps?
Which type of hair contains a high concentration of pheomelanin?
Which type of hair contains a high concentration of pheomelanin?
What is the primary function of hair receptors?
What is the primary function of hair receptors?
What characterizes gray and white hair?
What characterizes gray and white hair?
What distinguishes wavy hair from straight and curly hair?
What distinguishes wavy hair from straight and curly hair?
What type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands actually use?
What type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands actually use?
What type of hair is characterized as fine, downy, and unpigmented that appears in fetuses during the last trimester of development?
What type of hair is characterized as fine, downy, and unpigmented that appears in fetuses during the last trimester of development?
How many merocrine sweat glands are typically found in adult skin?
How many merocrine sweat glands are typically found in adult skin?
Which type of hair is present at birth and is typically found on children?
Which type of hair is present at birth and is typically found on children?
What function do myoepithelial cells serve in merocrine sweat glands?
What function do myoepithelial cells serve in merocrine sweat glands?
What characterizes the secretion produced by merocrine sweat glands?
What characterizes the secretion produced by merocrine sweat glands?
After puberty, which type of hair develops in areas such as the axillary and pubic regions?
After puberty, which type of hair develops in areas such as the axillary and pubic regions?
Which part of the hair is referred to as the swelling at the base where hair originates?
Which part of the hair is referred to as the swelling at the base where hair originates?
Where are merocrine sweat glands primarily located within the skin?
Where are merocrine sweat glands primarily located within the skin?
What is the part of the hair that remains within the follicle called?
What is the part of the hair that remains within the follicle called?
What is the primary characteristic of terminal hair compared to vellus hair?
What is the primary characteristic of terminal hair compared to vellus hair?
Which component of the hair structure houses blood capillaries that nourish the hair?
Which component of the hair structure houses blood capillaries that nourish the hair?
Which zone of the hair is defined as the portion that extends above the skin surface?
Which zone of the hair is defined as the portion that extends above the skin surface?
Which type of hair comprises two-thirds of the hair of women?
Which type of hair comprises two-thirds of the hair of women?
What role do sebaceous glands play in relation to hair?
What role do sebaceous glands play in relation to hair?
Where are apocrine sweat glands predominantly located in the human body?
Where are apocrine sweat glands predominantly located in the human body?
What characterizes the sweat produced by apocrine glands?
What characterizes the sweat produced by apocrine glands?
What physiological role do pheromones play as produced by apocrine sweat glands?
What physiological role do pheromones play as produced by apocrine sweat glands?
What is bromhidrosis?
What is bromhidrosis?
Which of the following statements about sebaceous glands is correct?
Which of the following statements about sebaceous glands is correct?
What type of gland are mammary glands considered to be?
What type of gland are mammary glands considered to be?
What is the average composition of sweat produced by sweat glands?
What is the average composition of sweat produced by sweat glands?
How does insensible perspiration differ from diaphoresis?
How does insensible perspiration differ from diaphoresis?
Which of the following is NOT a common component of sweat?
Which of the following is NOT a common component of sweat?
What are the mammary ridges or milk lines?
What are the mammary ridges or milk lines?
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Study Notes
Hair Types
- Lanugo: Fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on a fetus in the last three months of development
- Vellus: Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth; comprises two-thirds of the hair of women and one-tenth of the hair of men; makes up all the hair of children except for eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp hair
- Terminal: Longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented hair, forming eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair, axillary and pubic hair after puberty, and male facial hair.
Hair and Follicle Structure
- Bulb: The swelling at the base of the hair where it originates in the dermis or hypodermis; only living hair cells are in or near the bulb
- Root: The remainder of the hair within the follicle
- Shaft: The portion of the hair above the skin surface
Hair Texture and Color
- Texture: Determined by the cross-sectional shape of the hair
- Straight hair is round
- Wavy hair is oval
- Curly hair is relatively flat
- Color: Due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex
- Brown and black hair is rich in eumelanin
- Red hair has a slight amount of eumelanin but a high concentration of pheomelanin
- Blond hair has an intermediate amount of pheomelanin and very little eumelanin
- Gray and white hair have little or no melanin in the cortex and air present in the medulla
Hair Growth and Loss
- The hair cycle consists of three developmental stages:
- Anagen: Growth stage
- Catagen: Regression stage
- Telogen: Resting stage
Nail Structure
- Nail plate: The hard part of the nail
- Free edge: Overhangs the fingertip
- Nail body: The visible attached part of the nail
- Nail root: Extends proximally under the overlying skin
- Nail fold: Surrounding skin rising above the nail
- Nail groove: Separates the nail fold from the nail plate
- Nail bed: Skin underlying the nail plate; hyponychium is the epidermis of the nail bed
- Nail matrix: The growth zone (mitotic) of thickened stratum basale at the proximal end of the nail; responsible for nail growth at a rate of 1 mm per week in fingernails, slightly slower in toenails
- Lunule: The opaque white crescent at the proximal end of the nail due to the thickness of the matrix
- Eponychium (cuticle): A narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of the nail
Sweat Glands
- Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands: The most numerous skin glands, approximately 3-4 million in adults; simple tubular glands that produce a watery perspiration that helps to cool the body
- Myoepithelial cells: Contract in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system to squeeze perspiration up the duct
- Apocrine sweat glands: Found in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and bearded areas of mature males; ducts lead to nearby hair follicles; produce a thicker, milky sweat containing fatty acids; scent glands responding to stress and sexual stimulation
- Pheromones: Chemicals that influence the physiology or behavior of other members of the species
- Bromhidrosis: Disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action on fatty acids
Sebaceous Glands
- Produce sebum, an oily secretion that keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked
- Flask-shaped glands with short ducts opening into hair follicles
- Holocrine glands: Secretion consists of broken-down cells, replaced by mitosis at the base of the gland
Mammary Glands
- Breast (mammae) present in both sexes, but mammary glands develop only during pregnancy and lactation.
- Mammary glands: Milk-producing glands that are modified apocrine sweat glands.
- Rich secretion released through ducts opening at the nipple.
Skin Disorders
- Basal cell carcinoma: Most common, rarely metastasizes
- Squamous cell carcinoma: May metastasize
- Melanoma: Most dangerous, highly metastatic
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