Understanding Government Functions and Types

Legislation: Enacting laws and regulations.
Administration: Implementing and managing public policies.
Judiciary: Interpreting laws and resolving disputes.
Defense: Protecting the state from external threats.
Public Services: Providing essential services like education, health, and infrastructure.

Democracy: Power is vested in the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
- Direct Democracy: Citizens directly participate in decision-making.
- Representative Democracy: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions.
Authoritarianism: Concentrated power in a leader or elite group, with limited political freedoms.
Totalitarianism: An extreme form of authoritarianism, where the state seeks to control all aspects of life.
Monarchy: Rule by a king or queen, which can be absolute or constitutional.
Oligarchy: Power held by a small group of individuals or families.

Constitution: A fundamental document outlining the structure and principles of governance.
Branches of Government:
1. Executive: Enforces laws (e.g., President, Prime Minister).
2. Legislative: Creates laws (e.g., Parliament, Congress).
3. Judicial: Interprets laws (e.g., Courts, Supreme Court).

Federalism: Division of power between national and regional governments.
Unitary System: Centralized government where local authorities derive power from the central government.

Rule of Law: The principle that the law applies equally to all individuals.
Separation of Powers: Dividing government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent abuse of power.
Checks and Balances: Mechanisms to ensure that no branch of government becomes too powerful.

Liberalism: Emphasizes individual rights, democracy, and free markets.
Conservatism: Focuses on tradition, social stability, and maintaining established institutions.
Socialism: Advocates for social ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
Libertarianism: Prioritizes individual liberty and minimal government intervention in personal and economic matters.

United Nations (UN): Promotes international cooperation and peace.
European Union (EU): Political and economic union of member states in Europe.
NATO: Military alliance for collective defense.

Legislation: Responsible for enacting laws and regulations.
Administration: Manages implementation of policies and public administration.
Judiciary: Interprets laws and resolves legal disputes.
Defense: Safeguards the state against external threats.
Public Services: Offers essential services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

Democracy: Authority rests with the people, either directly or through representatives.
- Direct Democracy: Citizens engage directly in decision-making.
- Representative Democracy: Citizens elect officials to make decisions.
Authoritarianism: Power concentrated in a leader or elite group, limiting political freedoms.
Totalitarianism: Extreme authoritarianism where the state seeks to control all life aspects.
Monarchy: Governance by a king or queen; can be absolute (full power) or constitutional (limited by laws).
Oligarchy: Governance by a small group with shared interests or backgrounds.

Constitution: Fundamental document establishing governance structure and principles.
Branches of Government:
- Executive: Enforces laws (e.g., President, Prime Minister).
- Legislative: Formulates laws (e.g., Parliament, Congress).
- Judicial: Interprets legal statutes (e.g., Courts, Supreme Court).

Federalism: Power distribution between national and regional governments.
Unitary System: Centralized governance with local authorities deriving power from the central government.

Rule of Law: Law applies equally to all individuals, ensuring fairness.
Separation of Powers: Divides responsibilities among branches to prevent abuse.
Checks and Balances: Mechanisms ensure no single branch exceeds its authority.

Liberalism: Advocates for individual rights, democratic governance, and free market principles.
Conservatism: Emphasizes tradition, social stability, and established institutions.
Socialism: Supports social ownership and democratic control of production means.
Libertarianism: Favors individual liberty and minimal government interference in lives.

United Nations (UN): Fosters international cooperation and peace initiatives.
European Union (EU): Political and economic union promoting collaboration among European nations.
NATO: Military alliance formed for mutual defense among member states.

Highlights the significance of participation in democratic processes like voting and activism.
Stresses civil society's role in ensuring government accountability.