Understanding Globalization

• Globalization has been a prominent term since the early 19th century
• Theodore Levitt popularized the term "globalization" in his article "The Globalization of Markets" (1983)

Levitt's Definition of Globalization

• Refers to the free exchange of goods, services, culture, and people between countries
• Involves countries removing taxes (tariffs) on imported goods

Other Definitions of Globalization

• David Held and Anthony McGrew define globalization as the increasing scale, magnitude, speed, and impact of interregional flows and social interaction
• They also describe it as the shift in human organization that connects distant communities and broadens power relations across major world regions
• Anthony Giddens states globalization involves intensifying worldwide social relations that connect distant locations, where local events are shaped by distant occurrences
• Manfred Steger views globalization as multidimensional social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies, fostering awareness of connections between local and distant events
• Roland Robertson and Kathleen White describe globalization as increasing global connectivity and consciousness
• Connectivity involves engaging with the outside world
• Consciousness involves awareness of developments in the international community

Perspectives on Globalization

• Globalization is a contentious concept in the 21st century, leading to diverse perspectives
• Patrick Hayden and Chamsy El-Ojeili offered a prominent perspective in "Critical Theories of Globalization" (2006)

Three Perspectives of Globalization (Hayden and El-Ojeili, 2006)

• Globalists: Consider globalization as an inevitable social process affecting local communities
• Traditionalists: View globalization as a myth, not significantly different from past events
• Transformationalists: See globalization as a process introducing significant changes across different dimensions, between globalists and transformationalists.

Approaches to Globalization by Leslie Sklair (2009)

• World Systems Model: Discusses the growth of capitalism impacting development in the past three decades
• Global Culture Model: Centers on the growth of cultures across national borders, potentially threatening national realities
• Global Society Model: Posits that creating a global society is possible in modern times
• Global Capitalist Model: Capitalism is the peak of development among different countries

Dimensions of Globalization (Steger, 2007)

• Economic
• Political
• Ideological
• Social
• Technological
• Environmental

The Scapes of Globalization (Appadurai, 1996)

• Globalization occurs across multiple, intersecting dimensions called "scapes"

Five Scapes

• Ethnoscape encompasses the global movement of people
• Mediascape signifies the flow of culture
• Technoscape pertains to the circulation of mechanical goods and software
• Financescape denotes the global circulation of money
• Ideoscape represents the movement of political ideas