Understanding Globalization and its Types

Globalization vs. Globalism

• Globalism involves worldwide interconnections across economic, political, and social dimensions
• Globalization entails the expansion and intensification of social relations beyond geographical and political boundaries

Historical Periods of Globalization

• Ancient globalization involved trade and cultural exchange, exemplified by the Silk Road
• Medieval globalization was characterized by religious and imperial expansion
• Modern globalization saw industrial revolution and colonization
• Contemporary globalization features technological advancement and economic integration

Types of Globalization (Appadurai’s "Scapes")

• Ethnoscape refers to the movement of people
• Mediascape is the global influence of media and culture
• Technoscape involves the spread of technology
• Ideoscape is the flow of political and cultural ideas
• Financescape relates to global financial markets and capital flows

Globalization of World Economics

• Globalization of world economics is defined as the integration of global economies through trade, investments, and finance

Key Historical Developments in Global Economics

• Silk Road: An early network of trade routes connected Asia and Europe
• Galleon Trade (1571) connected the Philippines to Mexico and marked the beginning of economic globalization
• Mercantilism (16th-18th century) was the approach to control trade to maximize national wealth
• Gold Standard (1867) established stable currency exchange rates
• Great Depression (1920s-30s) led to the collapse of global trade due to economic downturn
• Bretton Woods System (1944) established global financial institutions such as the World Bank and IMF
• Neoliberalism (1980s-Present) describes a market-driven economy with minimal government intervention
• Global Financial Crisis (2008) was triggered by the collapse of the housing market in the U.S.
• The 2008 Global Financial Crisis led to a widespread economic downturn affecting multiple countries

Internationalization vs. Internationalism

• Internationalization is the process of increasing interactions among states
• Internationalism is the ideology promoting international cooperation

Key Political Systems

• Westphalian System (1648) established state sovereignty
• Napoleonic Code influenced modern legal systems
• Liberal Internationalism, promoted by thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson, advocated for democracy and global governance
• Socialist Internationalism, inspired by Karl Marx, is the idea of class struggle over national boundaries
• The League of Nations (1919) attempted to maintain world peace, but it failed and led to World War II

Global Governance

• Global governance manages global issues through international organizations

Role of the UN

• The General Assembly is the decision-making body with representatives from all member nations
• The Security Council maintains international peace; its permanent members are the U.S., U.K., France, China, and Russia
• ECOSOC, or the Economic and Social Council, oversees economic and social development
• The International Court of Justice (ICJ) settles legal disputes between states
• The Secretariat administers UN programs and is led by the Secretary-General
• Conflicts such as the Kosovo War and the Syrian Civil War reveal the UN's limitations in enforcing peace
• The UN depends on voluntary cooperation from member states

Regionalism vs. Internationalism

• Regionalism focuses on cooperation within a specific geographic region like ASEAN and the EU
• Internationalism promotes global cooperation beyond such regional boundaries

Types of Regionalism

• State-led regionalism includes organizations like NATO, OPEC, and ASEAN
• Non-state regionalism includes NGOs and environmental organizations

Key Regional Organizations and Their Functions

• NATO is a military alliance for collective defense
• OPEC controls oil production and pricing among major exporting countries
• ASEAN promotes economic and political cooperation in Southeast Asia
• The NAM, or Non-Aligned Movement, advocates for independence from superpower influence

Globalization of Religion

• The impact of globalization on religion is seen in increased interactions among religious groups
• Globalization spreads of religious beliefs through media and migration

Globalization vs. Religion

• Globalization promotes material wealth
• Religion focuses on spirituality
• Unlike globalization, religion adheres to divine laws
• Globalization adheres to human-made laws

Religious Responses to Globalization

• Some religions like Christianity and Islam see globalization as an opportunity for expansion
• Other groups resist globalization due to concerns over secularism

Role of Media in Globalization

• Media connects people, spreads information, influences cultures, and shapes public opinion

Types of Media

• Print media includes newspapers, magazines, and books
• Broadcast media includes television and radio
• Digital media includes online news, blogs, and multimedia platforms
• Internet media includes social media, streaming services, and websites

Cultural Imperialism

• The dominance of one culture over others via media is cultural imperialism
• Cultural imperialism promotes global values like democracy and human rights
• It also spreads Western culture, which can overshadow local traditions, leading to homogenization where diverse cultures become similar

Critiques of Cultural Imperialism

• Audiences interpret media differently based on their backgrounds
• Ien Ang's 1985 study showed that Dutch audiences viewed Dallas in different ways, proving that media influence isn't one-directional
• Liebes & Katz's 1990 study revealed that different cultural groups interpreted Dallas differently, e.g., Russians saw it as propaganda while Americans saw it as a portrayal of the rich

Social Media and Cyber Ghettoes

• Cyber Ghettoes: These are online spaces where marginalized groups form isolated communities
• Echo Chambers: In this setting, people interact with like-minded individuals, which reinforces their biases
• Splinternet (Cyber-Balkanization): A phenomenon where the internet becomes fragmented due to political, economic, and ideological differences

Media’s Impact on Globalization

• Fast information exchange, increased global awareness, and mobilization of movements, e.g., Arab Spring, are media's positive attributes
• Spread of fake news/propaganda and manipulation of public opinion are negative aspects

Global City Defined

• A global city exerts significant influence on global finance, trade, culture, and politics
• The term "global city" was coined by sociologist Saskia Sassen in the 1990s
• Examples of global cities include New York, London, and Tokyo

Indicators of a Global City

• Economic power is a major indicator, which means it controls financial markets and global trade
• Economic power examples of global cities include the New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, and Shanghai Container Port
• Economic opportunities that attract talent & investment, such as Silicon Valley are a minor indicator
• Political influence can be seen in cities housing key government institutions (e.g., Washington D.C. and Brussels)
• Cultural significance is marked by centers for arts, food, and entertainment (e.g., Hollywood and Copenhagen)

Challenges of Global Cities

• Overpopulation leads to overcrowding and a high cost of living
• Relying on food imports increases carbon emissions
• Major cities are targets for terror attacks
• Social inequality results as the rich thrive while the poor struggle and middle-class jobs disappear, widening the wealth gap

The Poor and Global Cities

• Gentrification: Wealthy residents drive up property prices, forcing the poor out
• Aboriginal Australians displaced from city centers are examples of this
• Muslim migrants in France pushed into suburbs are also examples

Urban vs. Rural Communities

• Rural Areas: Large families which help on farms are an economic asset
• Urban Areas: Career and financial constraints cause families to have fewer children

Overpopulation Theories

• Malthusian Theory (Thomas Malthus, 1798): Overpopulation depletes resources, causing famine
• Neo-Malthusian Theory (Paul Ehrlich, 1968): Advocates for birth control to prevent environmental collapse
• Anti-Malthusian Argument: Economic growth, not population size, determines prosperity
• Technological advancements can sustain large populations

Feminist View on Population Control

• Inequality, not overpopulation, is the root cause of poverty
• Feminist population control focuses on women’s reproductive rights and education

Food Security

• The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050
• Food production must increase by 70% to meet demand
• Climate change and declining agricultural land are challenges to this

Types of Migration

• Internal migration involves moving within a country
• International migration involves crossing borders

Categories of International Migrants

• Immigrants are permanent settlers
• Workers are employed abroad temporarily
• Illegal migrants enter a country without authorization
• Petitioned migrants are moved by family sponsorship
• Refugees are fleeing persecution or conflict

Effects of Migration

• In sending countries, remittances boost the economy; for example, India received $70 billion in 2014
• Brain drain, or the loss of skilled workers, is a negative effect for sending countries
• In receiving countries, positive effects include filling labor shortages, especially in aging societies
• Negative effects for receiving countries include political tensions and social integration issues

Human Trafficking

• 21 million people are victims of forced labor
• Major sectors: agriculture, domestic work, and sexual exploitation

Integration Challenges

• Migrants from China and India generally integrate well
• Middle Eastern and African migrants face discrimination and job difficulties

Major Environmental Problems

• Air, water, and soil pollution stem from industrial waste
• Climate change causes extreme weather events
• Deforestation leads to biodiversity loss

Man-Made Pollution Examples

• In China, 20% of soil is contaminated with heavy metals
• In Nigeria, 94% of the population is exposed to hazardous air pollution
• In West Virginia, USA, coal mining has poisoned drinking water

Climate Change and Global Warming

• Greenhouse Effect traps heat, raising global temperatures
• Effects include melting glaciers, rising sea levels, stronger hurricanes like Katrina, and severe droughts like California's 1,200-year drought

Combating Global Warming

• The Kyoto Protocol (1997): An international agreement to cut carbon emissions
• The U.S. refused to sign this
• The Paris Accord (2015): A flexible global effort to limit temperature rise

Local Environmental Movements

• In South Africa, activists push industries to cut emissions
• In El Salvador, movements protect farmland from commercial deforestation
• Japan has strict environmental laws to reduce pollution

The Need for Global Action

• Pollution in one country affects others
• Governments and social movements must work together to enforce environmental laws

UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Goal 1: No Poverty - End poverty in all forms everywhere
• Over 700 million people live in extreme poverty, surviving on less than $2 a day
• Supports poverty-alleviation programs, fair-trade products, and advocating for better wages
• Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Ensure everyone has enough food and nutrition
• Millions suffer from malnutrition, and food waste is a big issue
• Supports community food banks, reducing food waste, local farmers, and donating to food banks
• Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
• Preventable diseases and lack of healthcare access still kill millions
• Promotes mental health awareness, free clinics, and adopting a healthy lifestyle
• Goal 4: Quality Education - Provide free and quality education for all
• Education reduces poverty and boosts job opportunities
• Supports online learning platforms, donating books, volunteering, and education charities
• Goal 5: Gender Equality - Ensure equal rights and opportunities for all genders
• Women and girls still face discrimination and violence in many parts of the world
• Supports laws that protect women's rights, women-owned businesses, and speaking out against discrimination
• Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation - Ensure access to clean water and sanitation for all
• Many people still lack access to safe drinking water and proper toilets
• Supports water purification projects, saving water, avoiding plastic pollution, and water charities
• Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy - Ensure access to sustainable and affordable energy
• Fossil fuels cause pollution and climate change, while millions still lack electricity
• Supports energy-efficient appliances, renewable energy projects, and reducing electricity waste
• Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - Promote fair jobs and economic opportunities for all
• Many people work in unsafe conditions or earn unfair wages
• Supports ethical brands, promote fair wages, and advocating for workers' rights
• Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure - Build resilient infrastructure and support innovation
• Good roads, internet, and technology help economies grow
• Supports local businesses, encouraging digital literacy, and investing in sustainable infrastructure
• Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities - Reduce income and social inequalities
• Many people face discrimination based on race, gender, or disability
• Supports Policies ensuring equal pay and opportunities for all
• Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Make cities cleaner, safer, and eco-friendly
• Cities generate a lot of waste and pollution
• Supports bike-sharing programs, green buildings, public transport, and reducing waste
• Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production - Reduce waste and promote sustainable lifestyles
• Overconsumption harms the planet and wastes resources
• Supports zero-waste stores, recycling, and sustainable brands
• Goal 13: Climate Action - Take urgent action to combat climate change
• Rising temperatures cause extreme weather and disasters
• Supports renewable energy projects, reducing carbon footprint, and less plastic use
• Goal 14: Life Below Water - Protect oceans, seas, and marine life
• Pollution and overfishing threaten marine ecosystems
• Supports banning plastic straws, reduce plastic use, sustainable seafood, and cleaning up beaches
• Goal 15: Life on Land - Protect forests, stop desertification, and save wildlife
• Deforestation and habitat loss threaten biodiversity
• Supports tree-planting campaigns, reforestation programs, and protect endangered species
• Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions - Promote peace, justice, and effective governance
• Corruption, violence, and lack of rights harm societies
• Supports laws that ensure fair trials and human rights protection and peaceful conflict resolution
• Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals -- Work together globally to achieve all SDGs.
• Solving global challenges requires teamwork between countries, businesses, and people.
• Supports international climate agreements and global cooperation.