Podcast
Questions and Answers
A 3-year-old is brought in with a respiratory infection. Which assessment finding is most concerning given their vital signs of: BP 90/62, HR 125, RR 54, Temp 39.2C axillary, and O2 sat 90% on room air?
A 3-year-old is brought in with a respiratory infection. Which assessment finding is most concerning given their vital signs of: BP 90/62, HR 125, RR 54, Temp 39.2C axillary, and O2 sat 90% on room air?
- Heart rate of 125 bpm
- Respiratory rate of 54 breaths/min
- Oxygen saturation of 90% on room air (correct)
- Axillary temperature of 39.2 degrees Celsius
When assessing a 6-month-old infant for dehydration, which of the following findings would be a late sign?
When assessing a 6-month-old infant for dehydration, which of the following findings would be a late sign?
- Decreased capillary refill
- Altered mental status (correct)
- Sunken fontanelle
- Tachycardia
During a gastrointestinal assessment of an infant, what finding is considered normal?
During a gastrointestinal assessment of an infant, what finding is considered normal?
- A concave abdomen
- A rounded abdomen (correct)
- A rigid abdomen
- A flat abdomen
When performing pediatric oxygen therapy, which parameter is essential to monitor?
When performing pediatric oxygen therapy, which parameter is essential to monitor?
Supplemental oxygen is recommended for pediatric patients, when their peripheral oxygen saturation is consistently below what percentage?
Supplemental oxygen is recommended for pediatric patients, when their peripheral oxygen saturation is consistently below what percentage?
Which of the following is a sign of increased respiratory effort in pediatric patients?
Which of the following is a sign of increased respiratory effort in pediatric patients?
What is a key difference between a child's and an adult's airway that puts children at increased risk for respiratory compromise?
What is a key difference between a child's and an adult's airway that puts children at increased risk for respiratory compromise?
Which assessment finding indicates a non-patent airway?
Which assessment finding indicates a non-patent airway?
What should a nurse educate parents and caregivers on when using pediatric oxygen therapy at home?
What should a nurse educate parents and caregivers on when using pediatric oxygen therapy at home?
What assessment should always be included during reassessment for circulation and hydration status?
What assessment should always be included during reassessment for circulation and hydration status?
A child presents with increased work of breathing, decreased oxygen saturation levels, and anxiety. Which oxygen delivery method might be appropriate?
A child presents with increased work of breathing, decreased oxygen saturation levels, and anxiety. Which oxygen delivery method might be appropriate?
A nurse auscultates an apical pulse on a 6-year-old child. Where should the nurse place the stethoscope?
A nurse auscultates an apical pulse on a 6-year-old child. Where should the nurse place the stethoscope?
Which of the following represents a red flag of respiratory distress?
Which of the following represents a red flag of respiratory distress?
When assessing the abdomen of a 5-year-old, what technique should be utilized for the proper assessment?
When assessing the abdomen of a 5-year-old, what technique should be utilized for the proper assessment?
A radial pulse is an appropriate measurement for which age group?
A radial pulse is an appropriate measurement for which age group?
What can cause an infant to experience decreased tissue perfusion and cardiovascular function?
What can cause an infant to experience decreased tissue perfusion and cardiovascular function?
What is commonly seen in infants when examining the umbilicus?
What is commonly seen in infants when examining the umbilicus?
A 6-month-old is brought into the clinic for vomiting and diarrhea. What should the nurse focus on?
A 6-month-old is brought into the clinic for vomiting and diarrhea. What should the nurse focus on?
In administering oxygen to pediatric patients, what must be prioritized for the oxygen delivery system?
In administering oxygen to pediatric patients, what must be prioritized for the oxygen delivery system?
What should a nurse be sure to monitor a pediatric patient who is receiving oxygen therapy for?
What should a nurse be sure to monitor a pediatric patient who is receiving oxygen therapy for?
A child's blood pressure reading is consistently at the 92nd percentile for their age, sex, and height. How should this be classified?
A child's blood pressure reading is consistently at the 92nd percentile for their age, sex, and height. How should this be classified?
When measuring a child's blood pressure, the bladder width of the cuff should ideally cover what percentage of the arm circumference?
When measuring a child's blood pressure, the bladder width of the cuff should ideally cover what percentage of the arm circumference?
A 10-year-old child presents with Stage 2 hypertension but has no target-organ damage, diabetes, or renal disease. What is the recommended initial step in management?
A 10-year-old child presents with Stage 2 hypertension but has no target-organ damage, diabetes, or renal disease. What is the recommended initial step in management?
Which nutritional recommendation is most important for a nurse to emphasize when educating parents about preventing hypertension in their children?
Which nutritional recommendation is most important for a nurse to emphasize when educating parents about preventing hypertension in their children?
A child's BP is measured in the clinic and found to be elevated. However, the parents report normal BP readings at home. What condition should the nurse suspect?
A child's BP is measured in the clinic and found to be elevated. However, the parents report normal BP readings at home. What condition should the nurse suspect?
For which age group is annual blood pressure screening recommended as a routine part of a health check-up?
For which age group is annual blood pressure screening recommended as a routine part of a health check-up?
What underlying condition is most commonly associated with secondary hypertension in children?
What underlying condition is most commonly associated with secondary hypertension in children?
Which dietary component should the nurse advise parents to limit to help manage or prevent hypertension in their children?
Which dietary component should the nurse advise parents to limit to help manage or prevent hypertension in their children?
An automated oscillometric device displays a blood pressure reading that seems unusually high for a young infant. What is the nurse's priority action?
An automated oscillometric device displays a blood pressure reading that seems unusually high for a young infant. What is the nurse's priority action?
Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to reduce anxiety during blood pressure measurement in a child?
Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to reduce anxiety during blood pressure measurement in a child?
What is the primary benefit of using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in children?
What is the primary benefit of using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in children?
A nurse is teaching a group of parents about lifestyle modifications to prevent hypertension in children. Which of the following is the most critical recommendation?
A nurse is teaching a group of parents about lifestyle modifications to prevent hypertension in children. Which of the following is the most critical recommendation?
What is the primary rationale for using age, sex, and height percentile-specific blood pressure reference charts in children?
What is the primary rationale for using age, sex, and height percentile-specific blood pressure reference charts in children?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Stage 1 Hypertension in children based on blood pressure percentiles?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Stage 1 Hypertension in children based on blood pressure percentiles?
A breastfed infant is diagnosed with primary hypertension. How would you advise the parents regarding the infant's nutrition?
A breastfed infant is diagnosed with primary hypertension. How would you advise the parents regarding the infant's nutrition?
A nurse obtains a high blood pressure reading on a 4-year-old child during a routine check-up. What should the nurse do FIRST?
A nurse obtains a high blood pressure reading on a 4-year-old child during a routine check-up. What should the nurse do FIRST?
Which of the following nursing actions is essential when preparing to measure blood pressure on a child?
Which of the following nursing actions is essential when preparing to measure blood pressure on a child?
What information should the nurse include in the education plan for the parents of a child newly diagnosed with elevated blood pressure?
What information should the nurse include in the education plan for the parents of a child newly diagnosed with elevated blood pressure?
Which of the following classes of medications is commonly used to manage hypertension in children when lifestyle modifications are insufficient?
Which of the following classes of medications is commonly used to manage hypertension in children when lifestyle modifications are insufficient?
A nurse suspects a child might have masked hypertension. What would be the most appropriate next step to confirm this suspicion?
A nurse suspects a child might have masked hypertension. What would be the most appropriate next step to confirm this suspicion?
A toddler with bronchiolitis is displaying signs of increased work of breathing. Which assessment finding would be most indicative of this?
A toddler with bronchiolitis is displaying signs of increased work of breathing. Which assessment finding would be most indicative of this?
When assessing a child with asthma, which adventitious breath sound would the nurse expect to hear during auscultation if the child's airways are constricted?
When assessing a child with asthma, which adventitious breath sound would the nurse expect to hear during auscultation if the child's airways are constricted?
A school-age child is admitted with pneumonia. What nursing intervention is most important to facilitate the mobilization of secretions?
A school-age child is admitted with pneumonia. What nursing intervention is most important to facilitate the mobilization of secretions?
An infant is diagnosed with RSV bronchiolitis. Which nursing action is essential to prevent the spread of infection?
An infant is diagnosed with RSV bronchiolitis. Which nursing action is essential to prevent the spread of infection?
A child with cystic fibrosis is having difficulty clearing thick mucus from their lungs. Which intervention would be most effective in addressing this issue?
A child with cystic fibrosis is having difficulty clearing thick mucus from their lungs. Which intervention would be most effective in addressing this issue?
Which assessment finding in a child with croup indicates impending respiratory failure and necessitates immediate intervention?
Which assessment finding in a child with croup indicates impending respiratory failure and necessitates immediate intervention?
What is the priority nursing intervention for an infant experiencing apnea of prematurity?
What is the priority nursing intervention for an infant experiencing apnea of prematurity?
A toddler has aspirated a small toy. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention?
A toddler has aspirated a small toy. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention?
A child is diagnosed with pertussis (whooping cough). What education should the nurse provide to the family regarding preventing the spread of infection?
A child is diagnosed with pertussis (whooping cough). What education should the nurse provide to the family regarding preventing the spread of infection?
What is the most important information to include in an asthma action plan for a school-age child?
What is the most important information to include in an asthma action plan for a school-age child?
When educating parents about administering medications via a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) to their child with asthma, what technique should the nurse emphasize to ensure optimal medication delivery?
When educating parents about administering medications via a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) to their child with asthma, what technique should the nurse emphasize to ensure optimal medication delivery?
A child is experiencing increased work of breathing. Which position would be most appropriate to facilitate optimal ventilation?
A child is experiencing increased work of breathing. Which position would be most appropriate to facilitate optimal ventilation?
What is the most important instruction a nurse should provide to parents regarding infection prevention to reduce the risk of respiratory illnesses in their children?
What is the most important instruction a nurse should provide to parents regarding infection prevention to reduce the risk of respiratory illnesses in their children?
Parents of a child with asthma are concerned about environmental triggers. What should the nurse recommend to help control these triggers in the home?
Parents of a child with asthma are concerned about environmental triggers. What should the nurse recommend to help control these triggers in the home?
A nurse is teaching parents about monitoring their child's respiratory rate at home. What instruction is most important to ensure accurate measurement?
A nurse is teaching parents about monitoring their child's respiratory rate at home. What instruction is most important to ensure accurate measurement?
What is the most appropriate advice to give parents regarding safe sleep positioning for infants to prevent respiratory issues and reduce the risk of SIDS?
What is the most appropriate advice to give parents regarding safe sleep positioning for infants to prevent respiratory issues and reduce the risk of SIDS?
When counseling parents about breastfeeding, what benefit should the nurse emphasize regarding respiratory health?
When counseling parents about breastfeeding, what benefit should the nurse emphasize regarding respiratory health?
A child is receiving oxygen therapy via nasal cannula. What is the most important aspect of care to ensure effective oxygen delivery and prevent complications?
A child is receiving oxygen therapy via nasal cannula. What is the most important aspect of care to ensure effective oxygen delivery and prevent complications?
A 3 year old presents to the emergency department with a suspected diagnosis of epiglottitis. Which nursing action is contraindicated?
A 3 year old presents to the emergency department with a suspected diagnosis of epiglottitis. Which nursing action is contraindicated?
A child is experiencing an acute asthma exacerbation. Aside from administering bronchodilators, what should the nurse prioritize?
A child is experiencing an acute asthma exacerbation. Aside from administering bronchodilators, what should the nurse prioritize?
Why is abdominal palpation generally easier to perform on infants and young children compared to adults?
Why is abdominal palpation generally easier to perform on infants and young children compared to adults?
In infants, the bladder is considered an abdominal organ. How does this anatomical feature influence physical assessments in this population?
In infants, the bladder is considered an abdominal organ. How does this anatomical feature influence physical assessments in this population?
During an abdominal assessment on a thin infant, visible peristaltic waves are observed. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?
During an abdominal assessment on a thin infant, visible peristaltic waves are observed. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?
A 4-week-old infant presents with forceful, projectile vomiting after feeding. Which condition is most likely the cause of these symptoms?
A 4-week-old infant presents with forceful, projectile vomiting after feeding. Which condition is most likely the cause of these symptoms?
A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and stools that appear like 'currant jelly'. Which condition should the nurse suspect?
A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and stools that appear like 'currant jelly'. Which condition should the nurse suspect?
A child is diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease. What is the underlying pathophysiology of this condition?
A child is diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease. What is the underlying pathophysiology of this condition?
When performing an abdominal assessment on a child, why is auscultation performed before palpation and percussion?
When performing an abdominal assessment on a child, why is auscultation performed before palpation and percussion?
During an abdominal assessment of a 6-year-old child, the nurse notes a palpable mass in the lower right quadrant. What is the most appropriate initial action?
During an abdominal assessment of a 6-year-old child, the nurse notes a palpable mass in the lower right quadrant. What is the most appropriate initial action?
While assessing a child's abdomen, the nurse notes increased abdominal muscle tightening when palpating. What action should the nurse take to minimize this finding and improve the accuracy of the assessment?
While assessing a child's abdomen, the nurse notes increased abdominal muscle tightening when palpating. What action should the nurse take to minimize this finding and improve the accuracy of the assessment?
A nurse is preparing to assess the abdomen of a toddler. Which strategy would be most effective in gaining the child's cooperation?
A nurse is preparing to assess the abdomen of a toddler. Which strategy would be most effective in gaining the child's cooperation?
During an abdominal assessment, the nurse notes hyperactive bowel sounds. What condition might this finding suggest?
During an abdominal assessment, the nurse notes hyperactive bowel sounds. What condition might this finding suggest?
Assessment findings include rebound tenderness during abdominal palpation. What does this suggest?
Assessment findings include rebound tenderness during abdominal palpation. What does this suggest?
A child presents with abdominal distention. What are some potential causes that the nurse should consider?
A child presents with abdominal distention. What are some potential causes that the nurse should consider?
A hard, distended abdomen with absent bowel sounds is assessed in a child. What is the priority nursing intervention?
A hard, distended abdomen with absent bowel sounds is assessed in a child. What is the priority nursing intervention?
During an abdominal assessment, the nurse observes that the child has a scaphoid abdomen. What condition might this finding indicate?
During an abdominal assessment, the nurse observes that the child has a scaphoid abdomen. What condition might this finding indicate?
When assessing a child with abdominal pain, what respiratory pattern might the nurse observe, and why?
When assessing a child with abdominal pain, what respiratory pattern might the nurse observe, and why?
A child presents with fever, tachycardia, and irritability during an abdominal assessment. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A child presents with fever, tachycardia, and irritability during an abdominal assessment. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
During an abdominal assessment, the nurse palpates an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly). What further evaluation is required?
During an abdominal assessment, the nurse palpates an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly). What further evaluation is required?
What signs of dehydration should the nurse assess for during an abdominal assessment in a pediatric patient?
What signs of dehydration should the nurse assess for during an abdominal assessment in a pediatric patient?
When interpreting abdominal assessment findings in children, why is it important to consider the child's age and developmental stage?
When interpreting abdominal assessment findings in children, why is it important to consider the child's age and developmental stage?
Why are neonates at a higher risk of dehydration or overhydration compared to adults?
Why are neonates at a higher risk of dehydration or overhydration compared to adults?
How does the difference in urethra length between males and females influence the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
How does the difference in urethra length between males and females influence the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
A child is diagnosed with Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR). What is the primary concern related to this condition?
A child is diagnosed with Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR). What is the primary concern related to this condition?
Which of the following factors is least likely to be a cause of enuresis in children?
Which of the following factors is least likely to be a cause of enuresis in children?
Why is surgical correction typically recommended for hypospadias and epispadias?
Why is surgical correction typically recommended for hypospadias and epispadias?
What is the primary reason for performing orchiopexy in children with cryptorchidism?
What is the primary reason for performing orchiopexy in children with cryptorchidism?
A child presents with hematuria, edema, and hypertension following a recent strep throat infection. Which condition is most likely?
A child presents with hematuria, edema, and hypertension following a recent strep throat infection. Which condition is most likely?
What are the key characteristics of nephrotic syndrome in children?
What are the key characteristics of nephrotic syndrome in children?
What is the typical cause and primary characteristics of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in children?
What is the typical cause and primary characteristics of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in children?
When obtaining a genitourinary history from a pediatric patient, which information is most critical for the nurse to gather?
When obtaining a genitourinary history from a pediatric patient, which information is most critical for the nurse to gather?
Why is it important to monitor blood pressure as part of the physical examination for a child with a potential genitourinary disorder?
Why is it important to monitor blood pressure as part of the physical examination for a child with a potential genitourinary disorder?
A provider orders a urine culture on a pediatric patient. What is the primary purpose of this test?
A provider orders a urine culture on a pediatric patient. What is the primary purpose of this test?
What is the rationale for using antibiotic prophylaxis in children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)?
What is the rationale for using antibiotic prophylaxis in children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)?
How do enuresis alarms work to help children overcome nocturnal enuresis?
How do enuresis alarms work to help children overcome nocturnal enuresis?
A child is diagnosed with Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN). What dietary recommendations are essential for their management?
A child is diagnosed with Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN). What dietary recommendations are essential for their management?
What is the primary goal of treatment for children with Nephrotic Syndrome?
What is the primary goal of treatment for children with Nephrotic Syndrome?
When caring for a child with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), what is the most critical aspect of the treatment?
When caring for a child with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), what is the most critical aspect of the treatment?
What information should the nurse prioritize when educating families about preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
What information should the nurse prioritize when educating families about preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
Which nursing intervention is most important when providing postoperative care for a child who has undergone surgery for hypospadias or epispadias?
Which nursing intervention is most important when providing postoperative care for a child who has undergone surgery for hypospadias or epispadias?
How can RPNs in Canada best contribute to the care of pediatric patients with genitourinary conditions?
How can RPNs in Canada best contribute to the care of pediatric patients with genitourinary conditions?
Which nursing intervention demonstrates integrating family-centered care principles when a child is hospitalized?
Which nursing intervention demonstrates integrating family-centered care principles when a child is hospitalized?
A nurse is using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). Which aspect of child development is being assessed?
A nurse is using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). Which aspect of child development is being assessed?
Which action demonstrates a culturally sensitive approach when providing care to an Indigenous child and their family in Canada?
Which action demonstrates a culturally sensitive approach when providing care to an Indigenous child and their family in Canada?
Why is it important for nurses to understand developmental milestones?
Why is it important for nurses to understand developmental milestones?
A nurse is assessing a 4-year-old child during a routine check-up. Which finding would necessitate further investigation?
A nurse is assessing a 4-year-old child during a routine check-up. Which finding would necessitate further investigation?
What is the primary goal of conducting regular child health assessments?
What is the primary goal of conducting regular child health assessments?
During a health assessment, the nurse notes that a 15-month-old infant is not yet walking. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?
During a health assessment, the nurse notes that a 15-month-old infant is not yet walking. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?
Which nursing intervention is most appropriate when providing anticipatory guidance to parents about preventing childhood injuries?
Which nursing intervention is most appropriate when providing anticipatory guidance to parents about preventing childhood injuries?
A school-aged child with a chronic illness requires frequent hospitalizations. How can the nurse best apply family-centered care principles in this situation?
A school-aged child with a chronic illness requires frequent hospitalizations. How can the nurse best apply family-centered care principles in this situation?
When communicating with a family from a different cultural background, what is the most appropriate nursing action?
When communicating with a family from a different cultural background, what is the most appropriate nursing action?
A nurse is planning a teaching session for parents of toddlers about promoting language development. Which activity should the nurse recommend?
A nurse is planning a teaching session for parents of toddlers about promoting language development. Which activity should the nurse recommend?
Which assessment finding in a child would raise concern about a potential mental health issue?
Which assessment finding in a child would raise concern about a potential mental health issue?
A nurse is preparing to administer an immunization to a child. What is the MOST important step to take before administering the vaccine?
A nurse is preparing to administer an immunization to a child. What is the MOST important step to take before administering the vaccine?
To promote optimal nutrition in toddlers, what dietary recommendation should a nurse emphasize to parents?
To promote optimal nutrition in toddlers, what dietary recommendation should a nurse emphasize to parents?
A child with a known food allergy is brought to the emergency department with signs of anaphylaxis. What is the priority nursing intervention?
A child with a known food allergy is brought to the emergency department with signs of anaphylaxis. What is the priority nursing intervention?
Which strategy would be MOST effective in promoting effective communication with a child who has a hearing impairment?
Which strategy would be MOST effective in promoting effective communication with a child who has a hearing impairment?
A nurse is teaching parents about the importance of car seat safety. Which statement indicates that the parents understand the instructions?
A nurse is teaching parents about the importance of car seat safety. Which statement indicates that the parents understand the instructions?
Which nursing intervention is essential when caring for a child receiving oxygen therapy?
Which nursing intervention is essential when caring for a child receiving oxygen therapy?
What is the nurse's role in advocating for a child with a disability?
What is the nurse's role in advocating for a child with a disability?
Which nursing action demonstrates an understanding of family-centered care during a pediatric well-child visit?
Which nursing action demonstrates an understanding of family-centered care during a pediatric well-child visit?
Why is recognizing symptoms early crucial in managing common infections affecting infants and children in Canada?
Why is recognizing symptoms early crucial in managing common infections affecting infants and children in Canada?
How does vaccination contribute to herd immunity?
How does vaccination contribute to herd immunity?
A child presents with a fever, cough, and runny nose during the winter months in Canada. Which infection is most likely?
A child presents with a fever, cough, and runny nose during the winter months in Canada. Which infection is most likely?
Why is annual influenza vaccination recommended for children in Canada?
Why is annual influenza vaccination recommended for children in Canada?
A child exhibits symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea. What is the most important treatment strategy to prevent a serious complication?
A child exhibits symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea. What is the most important treatment strategy to prevent a serious complication?
What preventive measure is most effective in reducing the spread of gastrointestinal infections, such as rotavirus and norovirus, in children?
What preventive measure is most effective in reducing the spread of gastrointestinal infections, such as rotavirus and norovirus, in children?
Why is the DTaP vaccine administered to children?
Why is the DTaP vaccine administered to children?
In addition to vaccinations, what is a key preventive care strategy that provides infants with antibodies to protect against infections?
In addition to vaccinations, what is a key preventive care strategy that provides infants with antibodies to protect against infections?
A child presents with a stiff neck, headache, and fever. Which serious infectious condition should the nurse suspect?
A child presents with a stiff neck, headache, and fever. Which serious infectious condition should the nurse suspect?
A child is diagnosed with strep throat. What treatment is necessary to prevent potential complications?
A child is diagnosed with strep throat. What treatment is necessary to prevent potential complications?
What is the primary goal of administering the rotavirus vaccine to infants?
What is the primary goal of administering the rotavirus vaccine to infants?
What is the purpose of monitoring vital signs, such as temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, in a child with a severe infection?
What is the purpose of monitoring vital signs, such as temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, in a child with a severe infection?
What should nurses emphasize when educating families about preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
What should nurses emphasize when educating families about preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
Why are remote and Indigenous communities at a higher risk of infections?
Why are remote and Indigenous communities at a higher risk of infections?
A child presents with breathing difficulties, including wheezing and rapid breathing. What immediate action should be taken?
A child presents with breathing difficulties, including wheezing and rapid breathing. What immediate action should be taken?
What is a key component of supportive care for viral infections in children?
What is a key component of supportive care for viral infections in children?
Why are cough suppressants cautiously administered, especially in young children.
Why are cough suppressants cautiously administered, especially in young children.
How does covering coughs and sneezes contribute to infection control
How does covering coughs and sneezes contribute to infection control
How do enuresis alarms work to help children overcome nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting)?
How do enuresis alarms work to help children overcome nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting)?
When assessing a child for a musculoskeletal disorder, which aspect of their history provides the most relevant information about potential congenital conditions?
When assessing a child for a musculoskeletal disorder, which aspect of their history provides the most relevant information about potential congenital conditions?
During a musculoskeletal assessment, a nurse observes that a child is walking with a limp. What is the most important next step in the assessment?
During a musculoskeletal assessment, a nurse observes that a child is walking with a limp. What is the most important next step in the assessment?
What is the primary goal of performing the Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers during a newborn examination?
What is the primary goal of performing the Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers during a newborn examination?
Which statement best describes the Ponseti method for treating clubfoot?
Which statement best describes the Ponseti method for treating clubfoot?
What factor is most critical in determining the management approach for a child diagnosed with scoliosis?
What factor is most critical in determining the management approach for a child diagnosed with scoliosis?
A teenage athlete reports knee pain that increases with activity. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the tibial tuberosity. Which intervention is most appropriate?
A teenage athlete reports knee pain that increases with activity. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the tibial tuberosity. Which intervention is most appropriate?
A child diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is experiencing a flare-up of joint pain and swelling. Which intervention would be most beneficial in managing their symptoms?
A child diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is experiencing a flare-up of joint pain and swelling. Which intervention would be most beneficial in managing their symptoms?
A child with muscular dystrophy is experiencing increasing muscle weakness. What is the primary focus of nursing care for this patient?
A child with muscular dystrophy is experiencing increasing muscle weakness. What is the primary focus of nursing care for this patient?
A child is diagnosed with osteomyelitis. What diagnostic finding is most likely related to this condition?
A child is diagnosed with osteomyelitis. What diagnostic finding is most likely related to this condition?
A child presents to the emergency department with a painful, swollen knee. Joint aspiration reveals purulent fluid. What is the priority nursing action?
A child presents to the emergency department with a painful, swollen knee. Joint aspiration reveals purulent fluid. What is the priority nursing action?
Which of the following is the most appropriate initial intervention for a child experiencing moderate musculoskeletal pain?
Which of the following is the most appropriate initial intervention for a child experiencing moderate musculoskeletal pain?
What non-pharmacological intervention is most suitable for a toddler undergoing a painful procedure?
What non-pharmacological intervention is most suitable for a toddler undergoing a painful procedure?
A child with a fractured femur is in a spica cast. What is the most important nursing intervention to prevent skin breakdown?
A child with a fractured femur is in a spica cast. What is the most important nursing intervention to prevent skin breakdown?
A child is being discharged after treatment for osteomyelitis. What information is most essential for the nurse to include in the discharge teaching?
A child is being discharged after treatment for osteomyelitis. What information is most essential for the nurse to include in the discharge teaching?
Families of children with musculoskeletal conditions need which key element to cope effectively?
Families of children with musculoskeletal conditions need which key element to cope effectively?
How can nurses demonstrate cultural sensitivity when educating families from diverse backgrounds about their child's musculoskeletal condition?
How can nurses demonstrate cultural sensitivity when educating families from diverse backgrounds about their child's musculoskeletal condition?
What is the primary reason for encouraging parental participation in the care of a child with a musculoskeletal disorder?
What is the primary reason for encouraging parental participation in the care of a child with a musculoskeletal disorder?
A nurse is teaching a parent how to administer pain medication to their child at home. Which instruction is most important?
A nurse is teaching a parent how to administer pain medication to their child at home. Which instruction is most important?
Why is it essential for nurses to advocate for the needs and rights of children with musculoskeletal conditions?
Why is it essential for nurses to advocate for the needs and rights of children with musculoskeletal conditions?
A child with a musculoskeletal disorder has limited mobility. What intervention is most important to prevent muscle atrophy?
A child with a musculoskeletal disorder has limited mobility. What intervention is most important to prevent muscle atrophy?
Which factor is most influential in determining the specific eye care services covered for children in Canada?
Which factor is most influential in determining the specific eye care services covered for children in Canada?
Why are telehealth initiatives increasingly used in Canada for pediatric eye care?
Why are telehealth initiatives increasingly used in Canada for pediatric eye care?
What is a primary focus of parent education regarding eye care for infants and children?
What is a primary focus of parent education regarding eye care for infants and children?
Why is it important for parents to limit children's screen time?
Why is it important for parents to limit children's screen time?
In what primary settings are nurses typically involved in providing eye care for infants and children?
In what primary settings are nurses typically involved in providing eye care for infants and children?
What is the purpose of basic vision screenings conducted by nurses in schools?
What is the purpose of basic vision screenings conducted by nurses in schools?
Which of the following eye conditions requires early detection and treatment to prevent vision loss or developmental delays?
Which of the following eye conditions requires early detection and treatment to prevent vision loss or developmental delays?
What is the primary goal of early intervention for common childhood eye conditions?
What is the primary goal of early intervention for common childhood eye conditions?
Why may cycloplegic eye drops be used during pediatric eye exams?
Why may cycloplegic eye drops be used during pediatric eye exams?
At what age is the first comprehensive eye exam typically recommended for children who do not exhibit any obvious eye problems?
At what age is the first comprehensive eye exam typically recommended for children who do not exhibit any obvious eye problems?
What is the significance of early detection and management of strabismus?
What is the significance of early detection and management of strabismus?
Why is eye patching a common treatment for amblyopia?
Why is eye patching a common treatment for amblyopia?
What role do public health campaigns play in pediatric eye care in Canada?
What role do public health campaigns play in pediatric eye care in Canada?
What should be included in anticipatory guidance provided by nurses regarding pediatric eye health and safety?
What should be included in anticipatory guidance provided by nurses regarding pediatric eye health and safety?
Besides corrective lenses, patching, and eye drops, what is another management strategy for common eye conditions in children?
Besides corrective lenses, patching, and eye drops, what is another management strategy for common eye conditions in children?
How do guidelines established by provincial or territorial health authorities impact pediatric eye care?
How do guidelines established by provincial or territorial health authorities impact pediatric eye care?
What congenital eye abnormality is typically screened for in newborns as part of routine assessments?
What congenital eye abnormality is typically screened for in newborns as part of routine assessments?
Which action best describes how nurses collaborate with ophthalmologists and optometrists in pediatric eye care?
Which action best describes how nurses collaborate with ophthalmologists and optometrists in pediatric eye care?
What should nurses emphasize when educating parents about protecting their children's eyes?
What should nurses emphasize when educating parents about protecting their children's eyes?
A lack of which early intervention might lead to developmental delays in children?
A lack of which early intervention might lead to developmental delays in children?
Which anatomical feature in infants increases their susceptibility to middle ear infections?
Which anatomical feature in infants increases their susceptibility to middle ear infections?
An infant presents with difficulty breathing due to significant nasal congestion. Which anatomical characteristic primarily contributes to this issue in young infants?
An infant presents with difficulty breathing due to significant nasal congestion. Which anatomical characteristic primarily contributes to this issue in young infants?
A 3-month-old infant is brought in for a well-child visit. When assessing motor skills, what is a normal developmental milestone to expect?
A 3-month-old infant is brought in for a well-child visit. When assessing motor skills, what is a normal developmental milestone to expect?
During a physical exam of a 1-year-old, which finding related to the skull would warrant further investigation?
During a physical exam of a 1-year-old, which finding related to the skull would warrant further investigation?
A nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant who is unable to sit without support. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
A nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant who is unable to sit without support. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
A child with congenital torticollis has a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle on the right side. What would be the expected presentation?
A child with congenital torticollis has a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle on the right side. What would be the expected presentation?
When educating parents about plagiocephaly prevention, what is the most important recommendation a nurse should make?
When educating parents about plagiocephaly prevention, what is the most important recommendation a nurse should make?
A child is diagnosed with a thyroglossal duct cyst. Where is this cyst typically located?
A child is diagnosed with a thyroglossal duct cyst. Where is this cyst typically located?
A 9-month-old infant is brought to the clinic with multiple enlarged, rubbery cervical lymph nodes. The infant has no other symptoms. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
A 9-month-old infant is brought to the clinic with multiple enlarged, rubbery cervical lymph nodes. The infant has no other symptoms. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
A child presents with white patches on the tongue and inner cheeks that do not easily rub off. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A child presents with white patches on the tongue and inner cheeks that do not easily rub off. What is the most likely diagnosis?
During an assessment of a newborn with a cleft lip and palate, what is the priority nursing intervention?
During an assessment of a newborn with a cleft lip and palate, what is the priority nursing intervention?
A child presents with facial asymmetry, drooping of the mouth, and difficulty closing one eye. Which condition is most likely?
A child presents with facial asymmetry, drooping of the mouth, and difficulty closing one eye. Which condition is most likely?
A nurse is assessing a child who has experienced head trauma. What assessment finding is most concerning and requires immediate intervention?
A nurse is assessing a child who has experienced head trauma. What assessment finding is most concerning and requires immediate intervention?
When palpating lymph nodes on a child, which technique is most appropriate?
When palpating lymph nodes on a child, which technique is most appropriate?
What is an important consideration when assessing cranial nerve function in infants?
What is an important consideration when assessing cranial nerve function in infants?
A 2-year-old child is brought to the clinic. Which communication technique would be least effective during the assessment?
A 2-year-old child is brought to the clinic. Which communication technique would be least effective during the assessment?
When assessing a child's hydration status, which of the following is a reliable indicator of dehydration?
When assessing a child's hydration status, which of the following is a reliable indicator of dehydration?
A premature infant is having difficulty coordinating sucking, swallowing, and breathing during feeding. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention?
A premature infant is having difficulty coordinating sucking, swallowing, and breathing during feeding. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention?
What strategy should the healthcare team implement when an infant with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) experiences frequent emesis and feeding refusal?
What strategy should the healthcare team implement when an infant with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) experiences frequent emesis and feeding refusal?
A child with cerebral palsy is experiencing significant oral motor dysfunction, leading to aspiration pneumonia. What intervention is most appropriate?
A child with cerebral palsy is experiencing significant oral motor dysfunction, leading to aspiration pneumonia. What intervention is most appropriate?
Flashcards
Tachypnea
Tachypnea
Increased respiratory rate.
Accessory Muscles
Accessory Muscles
Muscles used for breathing in respiratory distress.
Nasal Flaring
Nasal Flaring
Flaring of the nostrils when breathing.
Tracheal Tug
Tracheal Tug
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tripod Positioning
Tripod Positioning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Grunting
Grunting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cyanosis
Cyanosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retractions
Retractions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Airway Obstruction
Airway Obstruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Respiratory Distress Signs
Respiratory Distress Signs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clammy Skin
Clammy Skin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Patent Airway
Patent Airway
Signup and view all the flashcards
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oxygen Delivery Device
Oxygen Delivery Device
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oxygen Therapy Monitoring
Oxygen Therapy Monitoring
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heart Murmurs
Heart Murmurs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Normal BP in Children
Normal BP in Children
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elevated BP (Children)
Elevated BP (Children)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stage 1 Hypertension (Children)
Stage 1 Hypertension (Children)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stage 2 Hypertension (Children)
Stage 2 Hypertension (Children)
Signup and view all the flashcards
BP Measurement Techniques
BP Measurement Techniques
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proper Cuff Size
Proper Cuff Size
Signup and view all the flashcards
White Coat Hypertension
White Coat Hypertension
Signup and view all the flashcards
ABPM (Children)
ABPM (Children)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secondary Hypertension (Children)
Secondary Hypertension (Children)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypertension Screening
Hypertension Screening
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lifestyle Modifications
Lifestyle Modifications
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antihypertensive Meds
Antihypertensive Meds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nursing Role
Nursing Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sodium Intake
Sodium Intake
Signup and view all the flashcards
DASH Diet
DASH Diet
Signup and view all the flashcards
Childhood Obesity
Childhood Obesity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breastfeeding Benefits
Breastfeeding Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Respiratory Assessment: Observation
Respiratory Assessment: Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Respiratory Rate Counting
Respiratory Rate Counting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heart Rate Assessment
Heart Rate Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Abnormal Breath Sounds
Abnormal Breath Sounds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Increased Work of Breathing Signs
Increased Work of Breathing Signs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cough Assessment
Cough Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Capillary Refill Time
Capillary Refill Time
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydration Status Evaluation
Hydration Status Evaluation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypoxia Indication
Hypoxia Indication
Signup and view all the flashcards
Altered Mental Status Signs
Altered Mental Status Signs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fever's Impact
Fever's Impact
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positioning for Breathing
Positioning for Breathing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Airway Suctioning
Airway Suctioning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medication Administration
Medication Administration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Respiratory Monitoring
Respiratory Monitoring
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chest Physiotherapy
Chest Physiotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medication Education
Medication Education
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infection Prevention Education
Infection Prevention Education
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Control
Environmental Control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emergency Preparedness Education
Emergency Preparedness Education
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Liver Size
Infant Liver Size
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Abdominal Muscles
Infant Abdominal Muscles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Bladder Location
Infant Bladder Location
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Abdomen Shape
Infant Abdomen Shape
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric Stenosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intussusception
Intussusception
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pediatric Appendicitis
Pediatric Appendicitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Childhood Constipation
Childhood Constipation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hirschsprung's Disease
Hirschsprung's Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Abdominal Inspection
Abdominal Inspection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Auscultation First
Auscultation First
Signup and view all the flashcards
Light Palpation
Light Palpation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Deep Palpation
Deep Palpation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Distraction Techniques
Distraction Techniques
Signup and view all the flashcards
Absent Bowel Sounds
Absent Bowel Sounds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyperactive Sounds
Hyperactive Sounds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Severe Abdominal Signs Requiring Intervention
Severe Abdominal Signs Requiring Intervention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sunken Eyes
Sunken Eyes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms of Infection
Symptoms of Infection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genitourinary System
Genitourinary System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant/Child GU System
Infant/Child GU System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neonatal Kidney Function
Neonatal Kidney Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Electrolyte Balance
Infant Electrolyte Balance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bladder Capacity (Children)
Bladder Capacity (Children)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enuresis
Enuresis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypospadias
Hypospadias
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epispadias
Epispadias
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Urinalysis
Urinalysis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Signup and view all the flashcards
UTI Treatment
UTI Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enuresis Treatment
Enuresis Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
APSGN Management
APSGN Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
HUS Treatment
HUS Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Developmental Milestones
Developmental Milestones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gross Motor Skills
Gross Motor Skills
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fine Motor Skills
Fine Motor Skills
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Social and Emotional Development
Social and Emotional Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Language Development
Language Development
Signup and view all the flashcards
Developmental Screening Tools
Developmental Screening Tools
Signup and view all the flashcards
Importance of Early Identification
Importance of Early Identification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Child Health Assessment Information
Child Health Assessment Information
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physical Examination
Physical Examination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immunization Status
Immunization Status
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nutritional Assessments
Nutritional Assessments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory Screenings
Sensory Screenings
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mental Health Assessments
Mental Health Assessments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nursing Interventions
Nursing Interventions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Administering Medications
Administering Medications
Signup and view all the flashcards
Providing Education and Support
Providing Education and Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Monitoring Vital Signs
Monitoring Vital Signs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Family-Centered Care
Family-Centered Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Considerations
Cultural Considerations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Common Pediatric Infections
Common Pediatric Infections
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pediatric Respiratory Infections
Pediatric Respiratory Infections
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vaccination Importance
Vaccination Importance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skin Rashes
Skin Rashes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lethargy or Irritability
Lethargy or Irritability
Signup and view all the flashcards
Supportive Care
Supportive Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fever-Reducing Meds
Fever-Reducing Meds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hand Hygiene
Hand Hygiene
Signup and view all the flashcards
Seasonal Infection Patterns
Seasonal Infection Patterns
Signup and view all the flashcards
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial MSK Assessment
Initial MSK Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
MSK Observation
MSK Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
MSK Palpation
MSK Palpation
Signup and view all the flashcards
MSK Imaging Studies
MSK Imaging Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Congenital Hip Dysplasia (CHD)
Congenital Hip Dysplasia (CHD)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clubfoot
Clubfoot
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Management
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscular Dystrophies
Muscular Dystrophies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Septic Arthritis
Septic Arthritis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pediatric Pain Assessment
Pediatric Pain Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Pharmacological Pain Relief
Non-Pharmacological Pain Relief
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pharmacological Interventions
Pharmacological Interventions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Educate families on:
Educate families on:
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emotional Support
Emotional Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Follow-Up Importance
Follow-Up Importance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Sensitivity
Cultural Sensitivity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eye Care Coverage in Canada
Eye Care Coverage in Canada
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vision Screening Guidelines
Vision Screening Guidelines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Telehealth Eye Care
Telehealth Eye Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parent Education Focus
Parent Education Focus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Public Health Campaigns
Public Health Campaigns
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nursing Role in Eye Care
Nursing Role in Eye Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Strabismus
Strabismus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Amblyopia
Amblyopia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Refractive Errors
Refractive Errors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Importance of Early Detection
Importance of Early Detection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eye Condition Treatments
Eye Condition Treatments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eye Exam Timing
Eye Exam Timing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pediatric Eye Exam Components
Pediatric Eye Exam Components
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cycloplegic Eye Drops
Cycloplegic Eye Drops
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Fontanelles
Infant Fontanelles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Trachea
Infant Trachea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infant Eustachian Tube
Infant Eustachian Tube
Signup and view all the flashcards
Obligate Nasal Breathers
Obligate Nasal Breathers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Congenital Torticollis
Congenital Torticollis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plagiocephaly
Plagiocephaly
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Otitis Media
Otitis Media
Signup and view all the flashcards
Observation
Observation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Developmental Assessment
Developmental Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Feeding Assessment
Feeding Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Newborn Reflexes
Newborn Reflexes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prematurity
Prematurity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Food Allergies and Intolerances
Food Allergies and Intolerances
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Motor Therapy
Oral Motor Therapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parental Support
Parental Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Thickening Liquids
Thickening Liquids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Musculoskeletal Conditions in Infants and Children
- Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions include disorders affecting bones, joints, muscles, and connective tissues.
- Accurate assessment, timely diagnosis, and appropriate management are essential for optimal outcomes.
- Nursing plays a vital role in providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients and their families.
Assessment Techniques
- Assessment starts with a thorough history encompassing prenatal and birth details, developmental milestones, and any trauma or infection history.
- Observe posture, gait, and movements; note asymmetry, limps, or range of motion limitations.
- Palpate joints and muscles to identify tenderness, swelling, or masses.
- Assess muscle strength and tone, comparing both sides of the body.
- Evaluate reflexes and sensory function.
- Specific orthopedic tests may be performed to assess joint stability and identify specific conditions.
- Imaging studies like X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans may confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the condition's extent.
- Nursing assessment techniques must be adapted for infants and children due to their unique anatomy and developmental stage.
Common Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Congenital hip dysplasia (CHD) involves abnormal development of the hip joint, leading to instability and potential dislocation.
- Early detection is crucial through newborn screening and clinical examination (e.g., Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers).
- Treatment options include Pavlik harness, spica casting, or surgery.
- Clubfoot is a congenital deformity in which the foot is twisted inward and downward.
- Treatment typically involves serial casting (Ponseti method) followed by bracing.
- Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine.
- Screening is performed during adolescence to detect early signs.
- Management depends on the severity of the curvature and may include observation, bracing, or surgery.
- Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common cause of knee pain in adolescents, resulting from inflammation of the tibial tuberosity.
- Management includes rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), and pain medication.
- Fractures are common in children due to their active lifestyles.
- Management depends on the type and location of the fracture and may include casting, splinting, or surgery.
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
- Management includes medication, physical therapy, and occupational therapy.
- Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
- Management focuses on supportive care, maximizing mobility, and preventing complications.
- Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone.
- Diagnosis requires blood cultures, imaging, and sometimes bone biopsy.
- Treatment typically includes IV antibiotics.
- Septic arthritis is an infection of a joint.
- Diagnosis requires joint aspiration and cultures.
- Prompt treatment with antibiotics and drainage is essential to prevent joint damage.
Nursing Interventions
- Pain management is a priority and includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.
- Assess pain using age-appropriate pain scales.
- Administer pain medications as prescribed, monitoring for side effects.
- Non-pharmacological interventions include positioning, splinting, heat or cold application, massage, distraction, and relaxation techniques.
- Maintain proper alignment and support affected limbs.
- Prevent complications such as skin breakdown, contractures, and muscle atrophy.
- Promote mobility and independence, encouraging active range of motion exercises as appropriate.
- Provide education and support to the child and family, addressing their concerns and answering their questions.
- Collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians, physical therapists, and occupational therapists, to provide comprehensive care.
Pediatric Pain Management
- Pain assessment is crucial, considering both physiological and psychological aspects.
- Use age-appropriate pain scales, such as the FLACC scale for infants and young children, or the visual analog scale (VAS) for older children.
- Pharmacological interventions include:
- Non-opioid analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen) for mild to moderate pain.
- Opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine, oxycodone) for severe pain, used cautiously and with close monitoring.
- Adjuvant medications (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants) for chronic pain conditions.
- Non-pharmacological interventions:
- Distraction techniques (e.g., toys, games, music).
- Relaxation techniques (e.g., deep breathing, guided imagery).
- Cutaneous stimulation (e.g., massage, heat or cold application).
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help children manage pain and improve coping skills.
- Physical therapy and exercise can help reduce pain and improve function.
Family Education and Support
- Provide clear and concise information about the child's condition, treatment plan, and expected outcomes.
- Teach parents how to administer medications, perform wound care, and use assistive devices.
- Educate families about potential complications and when to seek medical attention.
- Provide emotional support and counseling to help families cope with the challenges of caring for a child with an MSK condition.
- Connect families with support groups and other resources.
- Encourage parents to participate in their child's care and decision-making.
- Promote open communication and address any concerns or questions they may have.
- Explain the importance of follow-up appointments and adherence to the treatment plan.
- Advocate for the child's needs and rights.
- Cultural sensitivity is essential when providing care and education to families from diverse backgrounds.
- Understanding the family's beliefs, values, and practices can help tailor the care plan to meet their specific needs.
- Language barriers should be addressed through the use of interpreters or translated materials.
Eye Care for Infants and Children in Canada
- Eye care for infants and children in Canada emphasizes early detection and intervention to ensure optimal visual development.
Healthcare Policies and Guidelines
- Canada's healthcare system generally covers essential eye care services for children, but this varies by province and territory.
- Many provinces offer publicly funded eye exams for infants and children up to a certain age, recognizing the critical period for visual development (e.g., under 2 years or up to school age).
- Guidelines regarding vision screening and eye examinations are often established by provincial or territorial health authorities with optometric and ophthalmologic organizations.
- These guidelines help standardize practices and ensure consistent care across different regions.
- Telehealth initiatives are increasingly used to reach remote or underserved communities, providing access to eye care professionals through virtual consultations.
Parent Education
- Parents play a crucial role in early detection of potential eye problems in infants and children.
- Healthcare providers give guidance to parents regarding normal visual development milestones.
- Parents are educated on what to look for in terms of eye alignment, tracking ability, and any signs of discomfort or unusual behavior related to vision.
- Public health campaigns and resources raise awareness about common childhood eye conditions and the importance of regular eye exams.
- Educational materials may cover topics such as preventing eye injuries, protecting children's eyes from excessive screen time, and recognizing symptoms that warrant professional attention.
Nursing Care Protocols
- Nurses in Canada are involved in various aspects of eye care for infants and children, particularly in primary care settings, hospitals, and schools.
- Newborns are screened for congenital eye abnormalities as part of routine newborn assessments.
- Nurses may perform basic vision screenings in schools or community health clinics, identifying children who may need further evaluation.
- They also provide anticipatory guidance to parents regarding eye health and safety, including topics such as preventing infections and managing minor eye irritations.
- Nurses collaborate with ophthalmologists and optometrists to coordinate care for children with more complex eye conditions, ensuring that families receive appropriate support and resources.
Common Eye Conditions
- Several eye conditions are commonly seen in infants and children in Canada, including:
- Strabismus (misalignment of the eyes)
- Amblyopia (lazy eye)
- Refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
- Blocked tear ducts
- Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
- Congenital cataracts or glaucoma (less common but potentially serious).
- Early detection and treatment of these conditions prevent vision loss or developmental delays.
- Management strategies vary but may include:
- Corrective lenses
- Eye patching
- Eye drops
- Surgery
- Vision therapy
Pediatric Eye Exams
- Regular eye exams are recommended for children, even without obvious symptoms.
- The first comprehensive eye exam is typically recommended between 3 and 5 years old, or earlier if there are risk factors or concerns.
- Pediatric eye exams involve a thorough assessment of visual acuity, eye alignment, eye movement, and overall eye health.
- Eye care professionals use age-appropriate techniques and equipment to assess vision in young children.
- Cycloplegic eye drops may be used for a more accurate assessment of refractive error.
- Early detection of vision problems enables timely intervention and can prevent long-term vision impairment.
Additional notes from provided text
- Anatomy of the head and neck in infants and children differs significantly from adults, impacting common pediatric conditions and nursing care.
- Understanding developmental milestones is crucial for identifying normal growth and potential abnormalities in the head, neck, and face.
- Feeding and swallowing issues are common in infants and children and require specialized nursing interventions.
Anatomy of Head and Neck
- Infant skulls have fontanelles (soft spots) that allow for brain growth and ease passage through the birth canal, typically closing by 18 months.
- The infant's neck is shorter and less defined than an adult's.
- The trachea in infants and young children is shorter, narrower, and more flexible, making them more susceptible to airway obstruction.
- Lymphoid tissue, such as tonsils and adenoids, is proportionally larger in children, contributing to frequent upper respiratory infections.
- The Eustachian tube in infants is shorter, wider, and more horizontal, increasing the risk of middle ear infections.
- Infants are obligate nasal breathers for the first few months of life, making nasal congestion a significant concern.
- Facial bones continue to develop throughout childhood, influencing facial appearance and dental alignment.
- The tongue is relatively larger in infants, filling much of the oral cavity and playing a crucial role in feeding.
- Salivary glands are not fully developed at birth.
Common Pediatric Conditions
- Congenital Torticollis: The neck muscles are shortened, causing the head to tilt to one side.
- Plagiocephaly: Deformational flattening of the skull, often due to positioning in infancy.
- Branchial Cleft Cysts and Sinuses: Congenital remnants that appear as cysts or openings in the neck.
- Thyroglossal Duct Cysts: Cysts that form along the path of the thyroid gland's descent during development.
- Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes, often due to infection.
- Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs): Common viral infections affecting the nose, throat, and sinuses.
- Otitis Media: Middle ear infection, very common in infants and young children.
- Thrush (Oral Candidiasis): Fungal infection of the mouth, causing white patches on the tongue and inner cheeks.
- Cleft Lip and Palate: Congenital malformations affecting the lip and/or palate.
- Facial Nerve Palsy: Weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles.
- Head Trauma: Injuries to the head, ranging from minor bumps to severe traumatic brain injury.
Nursing Assessment Techniques
- Observation: Note the shape and symmetry of the head and face, skin color, presence of lesions or swelling, and any unusual movements or posture.
- Palpation: Gently palpate the fontanelles (if open), lymph nodes, thyroid gland, and any masses or areas of tenderness.
- Auscultation: Listen to breath sounds and assess for stridor or other abnormal noises.
- Cranial Nerve Assessment: Assess cranial nerve function by observing reflexes, eye movements, facial expressions, and swallowing ability.
- Developmental Assessment: Evaluate motor skills, language development, and social interaction to identify any developmental delays.
- Pain Assessment: Use age-appropriate pain scales to assess pain levels and guide pain management interventions.
- Feeding Assessment: Observe feeding patterns, assess sucking and swallowing coordination, and monitor for signs of aspiration.
- Family History: Gather information about family history of congenital conditions, allergies, and other relevant medical conditions.
- Growth Measurement: Regularly measure head circumference, length, and weight to monitor growth and development.
- Parent Education: Provide parents with information about normal development, feeding techniques, and warning signs of potential problems.
- Vital Signs: Measure heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, noting that normal ranges vary with age.
- Hydration: Assess hydration status by monitoring urine output, skin turgor, and mucous membrane moisture.
Developmental Milestones
- Newborns: Head lag is present when pulled to a sitting position, and primitive reflexes (e.g., Moro, rooting, sucking) are present.
- 2 Months: Begins to lift head briefly when prone and follows objects with eyes.
- 4 Months: Holds head steady when sitting and rolls from prone to supine.
- 6 Months: Sits without support and transfers objects from one hand to the other.
- 9 Months: Crawls, pulls to stand, and babbles.
- 12 Months: Walks with assistance and says a few words.
- 18 Months: Walks independently and feeds self with a spoon.
- 2 Years: Runs, kicks a ball, and speaks in short sentences.
- 3 Years: Rides a tricycle and dresses self with some assistance.
- 4 Years: Hops on one foot and draws a person with a few body parts.
- 5 Years: Skips, ties shoelaces, and counts to 10.
- Gross Motor Skills: Observe for symmetry and coordination of movements. Milestones include head control, rolling, sitting, crawling, walking, running, and jumping.
- Fine Motor Skills: Assess hand-eye coordination and manipulation of objects. Milestones include grasping, reaching, transferring objects, and drawing.
- Language Development: Evaluate receptive and expressive language skills. Milestones include babbling, saying single words, and speaking in sentences.
- Social-Emotional Development: Observe social interaction, emotional expression, and play skills. Milestones include smiling, interacting with caregivers, and playing with peers.
Feeding and Swallowing Issues
- Prematurity: Premature infants may have immature sucking and swallowing reflexes, making feeding difficult.
- Neurological Impairment: Conditions such as cerebral palsy can affect muscle control and coordination, leading to feeding and swallowing problems.
- Cleft Lip and Palate: These malformations can interfere with sucking and create difficulties with latching and creating suction.
- Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER): Reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus can cause discomfort and feeding refusal.
- Food Allergies and Intolerances: Allergic reactions or intolerances to certain foods can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and feeding aversion.
- Oral Aversions: Negative experiences with feeding (e.g., choking, gagging) can lead to oral aversions and feeding refusal.
- Structural Abnormalities: Conditions such as tracheoesophageal fistula can cause life-threatening feeding problems.
- Assessment: Observe feeding patterns, assess sucking and swallowing coordination, and monitor for effectiveness.
- Strategies: Modify feeding techniques such as positioning, nipple selection, and feeding pace.
- Thickening Liquids: Add thickeners to liquids to improve swallowing safety and reduce the risk of aspiration.
- Feeding Tubes: Use nasogastric (NG), orogastric (OG), gastrostomy (G), or jejunostomy (J) tubes to provide nutrition if oral feeding is not possible.
- Oral Motor Therapy: Work with a speech therapist or occupational therapist to improve oral motor skills and feeding abilities.
- Parental Support: Provide education, encouragement, and support to parents struggling with feeding challenges.
- Positioning: Proper positioning during feeding can improve swallowing efficiency and reduce aspiration risk.
- Education: Teach caregivers about safe feeding practices, signs of aspiration, and appropriate interventions.
- Monitoring: Monitor growth, hydration status, and nutritional intake to ensure adequate nutrition is maintained.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
