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What is the meaning of freedom according to the content?
Freedom consists solely of physical and economic aspects.
False
What is meant by 'fundamental option'?
The basic, freely accepted involvement of a person that defines what kind of person they will be.
Human freedom can be conditioned by various factors, including ________ influences and social pressure.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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According to the content, which statement about free will is true?
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Determinism suggests that individuals are entirely free in their actions.
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Name one source of determinism mentioned in the content.
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What does the first law of nature emphasize according to Hobbes?
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Human beings are obligated to keep their covenants according to the third law of nature.
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What must not be given up for self-preservation according to the law of nature?
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The mutual transferring of rights is referred to as a __________.
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Match the philosophers with their ideas regarding the social contract:
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What condition did Hobbes believe led to the formation of the state?
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Rousseau believed that humans were born evil due to their nature.
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What is necessary to enforce laws according to the law of nature?
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What is necessary to restore peace and freedom according to the discussed concepts?
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What term did Skinner introduce into the Law of Effect?
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Behavior followed by pleasant consequences is unlikely to be repeated.
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According to John Stuart Mill, liberty consists in doing what one _____.
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What do individuals often blame when their expectations are not met?
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According to the content, punishment is viewed solely as a negative consequence.
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Match the following theorists with their main ideas:
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When does a person become truly responsible for their actions?
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According to Fulton Sheen, freedom is primarily defined as:
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Fransen asserts that being responsible automatically leads to responsible actions.
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What is genuine responsibility according to the content?
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According to Aristotle, the power to understand free will comes from understanding the _____.
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Match the philosophers with their corresponding views on freedom and responsibility:
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What do moral acts require, according to the content?
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Saint Thomas Aquinas suggests that a habitual character can excuse immoral behavior.
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What unique capability do human beings have according to the content?
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What does the Filipino concept of 'loob' primarily refer to?
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The concept of 'loob' is only applicable to personal identity and does not extend to social relationships.
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What is the external counterpart of 'loob' in Philippine culture?
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'Loob' encompasses both _____ and reason, reflecting a person's wholeness.
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Match the following Filipino terms with their meanings:
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Which of the following best describes 'kapwa'?
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According to the Filipino values, individual freedom is limited to oneself.
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What is required of leaders according to the concept of 'magandang kalooban'?
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Study Notes
What is Freedom?
- Freedom is defined as the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.
- The absence of subjection to foreign domination or despotic government.
- Freedom is part of a human's authenticity and transcendence.
- Freedom goes beyond physical or economic limitations.
- Pope Benedict XVI states that freedom of conscience is at the core of all freedom.
Free Will and Human Action
- Free will is a man's natural legacy and the basis of our ability to act.
- Free will enables us to make choices, represented by saying yes or no.
- Free will is identical to human selfhood. The ability to make choices means we are not simply determined by outside forces.
- Freedom of choice refers to the ability to choose between alternatives.
- Animals have freedom of choice, but it is instinctive, not deliberate as it is for humans.
Fundamental Option and Situatedness
- Fundamental option refers to a person's core identity and involves freely accepting and intending what kind of person they will be.
- We make decisions on our fundamental option and that creates our priorities.
- It is a free decision and a commitment to the "wholeness of reality."
- Human freedom is situated or conditioned meaning it doesn't start with a blank sheet.
- Our environment and circumstances influence us, but freedom means we are not just determined by them.
Determinism and Responsibility
- Determinism is the belief that all events are pre-determined -- meaning freedom is an illusion.
- This is the opposite of free will, which is the ability to choose and act.
- Determinism suggests that events are predetermined, and there is no real choice (e.g., "Que Sera, Sera").
- Three sources of determinism suggested by Mondes are biological influences, social pressure, and the unconscious.
- True freedom is not the right to do whatever we want, but the right to do what we ought to do.
Freedom and Responsibility
- Responsibility is not just a natural consequence of freedom but a conscious choice and commitment.
- We are not automatically compelled to act responsibly just because we are free.
- Genuine responsibility involves being able to give an account for our actions and justify them.
- It means responding to the objective demands of a situation and making a conscious decision about our actions.
Decision and Freedom
- The core of human freedom lies in our ability to make decisions.
- Sartre expresses the essence of freedom as "I am my liberty."
- We are defined by our actions and decisions, not by our circumstances.
Realize the Consequences of Actions
- Freedom comes with consequences, both good and bad.
- Therefore, we must consider the implications of our choices when acting.
The Intellect and the Will
- Humans are rational beings, and reason is a divine characteristic.
- There cannot be a will without intellect.
- The intellect is a guide for the will, and the will is understood through the intellect.
- We have the power to choose between good and evil based on inner awareness, common human experience, and the consequences of our actions.
- Moral acts are particular acts, and we are responsible for them.
- Character or habit is not an excuse for immoral conduct.
Freedom and Conscience
- With our spirituality, we are moral agents capable of changing ourselves and the world.
- We are responsible for our actions.
- The Law of Nature is a foundation for social order.
- The desire for peace and self-preservation led to the development of the Law of Nature which guides human interaction.
The Law of Nature
- The first law of nature states that we should seek peace.
- We divest ourselves of some rights to achieve peace (second law of nature).
- Giving up personal rights in exchange for security is a contract and the foundation of obligation and duty.
- Some rights, like self-defense, cannot be given up.
- The third law of nature states that we are obligated to uphold our agreements/covenants, failing to do so is unjust.
Social Contract and the State
- The social contract is a philosophical idea that the state exists because of an agreement among individuals.
- Hobbes and Rousseau are key proponents of this idea.
- Hobbes believed in absolute monarchy, while Rousseau believed in democracy and individualism.
- Both agree that individuals come together to form a state to protect themselves from one another.
- Hobbes believed that the state's purpose is to end warfare.
- Rousseau believed that society corrupts humans, taking away the goodness they are born with, and state and government are necessary to restore peace.
Freedom and Government
- Individual rights are granted to the general will through social contract, creating a common power (government).
- The government is meant to protect our freedom.
Prudence and Choices
- Since we are accountable for the consequences of our free choices, we must be prudent in our decisions.
Operant Conditioning and Freedom
- Skinner's operant conditioning theory states that behavior followed by pleasant consequences is more likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
- Skinner introduced the idea of reinforcement in the Law of Effect.
- Skinner argues that our environment controls us and that freedom is an illusion.
- Skinner believes that control is necessary for freedom.
- Mill argued that freedom is doing what one wants to do; however, control based on reward and punishment (Skinner) can limit individual autonomy.
The Consciousness of Freedom
- True freedom is not about simply being rewarded or punished but being able to act independently.
- The consciousness of freedom is realizing we have acted according to our desires.
Freedom and Choices Have Consequences
- We must sacrifice some freedoms and rights to gain others.
Freedom and Thought
- Rand believed that the individual mind is the tool for economic progress.
- She argues that freedom of thought is essential for progress and that government shouldn't control education.
- Thinking is voluntary. Humans have both rights and responsibilities.
Loob (Inner Self)
- In Filipino culture, "loob" refers to one's inner self and is a part of the cultural identity.
- The external counterpart is "labas," which refers to one's physical appearance.
- "Loob" influences our attitudes toward the world and other people.
Filipino Values
- Filipino virtues are often compound words signifying different aspects of "loob."
- Kapwa is a significant concept referring to "shared identity" or the "self-in-the-other" demonstrating community orientation and social connectedness.
"Loob" and Individualism
- "Looob" is a concept that embraces both emotion and reason.
- It is connected to our personal experiences—the totality of who we are as individuals.
- The Filipino culture emphasizes "loob" within relationships and individual self.
- "Loob" reaches out to others and emphasizes personal involvement in daily life.
Leading with "Loob"
- Leaders should possess "magandang kalooban" (good loob), demonstrating active involvement in the holistic development of those they serve.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of freedom and free will, examining their definitions, implications, and significance in human action. It also discusses how freedom transcends physical limitations and relates to personal identity. Gain insights into how these philosophical ideas shape our understanding of choice and existence.
