Understanding Filipino Research Methods

• The study notes are based on an analysis of Filipino research, focusing on its purpose, use, method, and ethics.
• Research is a systematic investigation to explain and present facts using various sources.
• Clarke and Clarke define research as a careful, systematic, and objective investigation to gain valid conclusions and create principles related to a defined problem.
• Nuncio et al. (2013) define research as a logical process of finding answers to questions, based on a problem and study method, leading to knowledge and skills production.
• Research involves data collection and various processes to fulfill different objectives and ensures the success of the study.

Objectives of Research

• Find answers to problems
• Formulate basic decisions in business and other areas
• Satisfy curiosity
• Prove existing knowledge
• Discover new knowledge

Research Design

• Overall strategy chosen by the researcher to combine all parts and processes of research in an organized and logical way.
• The designs vary based on the discipline.

Types of Research Design

• Quantitative: Systematic and empirical investigation of social topics using mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques, often using measurable and structured methods such as surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative: Focuses on in-depth understanding of human behavior and relationships, aiming to present a clear narrative of human experiences.
• Descriptive: Studies current practices, standards, and conditions, answering who, what, when, where, and how questions, but not "why."
  • Examples include perception of students on same-sex marriage and the level of transformative education in research teaching.
• Action Research: Describes and assesses a specific situation to replace it with a more effective method, developing plans and strategies for meaningful recommendations.
  • An example is determining the most effective teaching strategy for students with hearing problems.
• Historical: Uses various methods of data collection to form conclusions about the past, deepening understanding of how and why things happened.
  • An example is the development of the National Language of the Philippines.
• Case Study: Aims to deeply understand a particular case rather than provide general conclusions.
  • Examples are a doctor choosing to be a caregiver in the United States and difficulty in learning a second language.
• Comparative: Aims to compare concepts, cultures, things, events, etc., often used in cross-national studies to present differences and similarities between societies.
  • An example is a comparative analysis of children’s literature of Tagalog and Bisaya.

Considerations in research

• Various objectives depending on the subject matter
• The method or design to ensure the research is conducted with the involvement, manner, and reason for participation, data collection, analysis, and the reason for the research.

Research Methodology

• Systematic collection of methods or processes used in data collection in a research study.

Design and Method in Research

• Clarifies the research design and how it will be implemented.
  • Survey: a method used to collect data in a systematic way from a specific population or sample.
  • Interview: Collecting information from a participant with authority or personal understanding of the topic.

Locale and Population in Research

• Indicates basic information about the research participants, including who, where from, or what institution or organization they are related to.

Instruments for Data Collection

• Indicate the type of tool to be used in conducting the research, based on the design and method.
  • Interviews require a list of questions
  • Observations need a checklist to guide what to focus on
  • Surveys use questionnaires.

Data Collection Method

• Details the step-by-step plan and process of data collection, possibly using a diagram to show the steps.

Data Analysis Method

• For quantitative research, includes statistical methods for computation and analysis.
• For qualitative research, specifies how categories or small topics will be organized to explain the data.

Ethics in Research

• Research has an ethics code, similar to any discipline with a strict code of ethics, and considers plagiarism a major offense.
• Plagiarism: Copying data, ideas, sentences, summaries, and outlines of a work without acknowledging the source, which is a form of theft and dishonesty.

Ethical Considerations in Research

• Use of text from another writer or researcher (Plagiarism): Using words from another text and claiming them without citing the original source, requiring proper citation to avoid this.
• Revising materials (Recycling): Reusing published materials or papers submitted in another course.
• Immediately giving a conclusion without sufficient basis: Writing an academic paper without thorough study of the data and providing a valid conclusion or recommendation just to finish the paper.

Basic Concepts in Research

• Aquino (1974) defined research as a systematic search for important information about a specific problem, supported by Manuel and Medel (1976) that research is the process of collecting data to solve a problem scientifically.
• Research is a critical task with various factors to consider to ensure time and money are not wasted, requiring knowledge of basic concepts (Bernardino, et al., 2016).
• Conceptual Framework: Contains the researcher's concept of the study, the main theme and guide, presented in a presentation of the research paradigm.
  • Preparation (input) - Process (process) - Outcome (output).
    • Example: impact of poor dieting on student health.

Elements of Framework

• Preparation (input): Basic information of respondents.
• Process: Methods such as interviews, surveys, and documentation.
• Outcome (output): Implications of the data related to the research topic.
• The conceptual framework is revealing the main concepts for the development of an investigation.
• It guides the research and identifies the needed methods.

Purpose of Conceptual Framework

• To control and predict situations
• Have meaningful guidance for broad and timely ideas in the research
• Theoretical Framework: Refers to established theories that serve as a guide or basis to support a research study, demonstrating the timeliness of a study.
• It is a map referring to interrelated concepts, theories, or definitions, connecting the topics, objectives, literature review, and methodology.

Purpose of Theoretical Framework

• Make the findings of a research study meaningful and useful
• Examine or test a theory
• Provide a systematic comparison between facts and observations
• Give meaningful color to the research
• Theoretical framework is based on existing theories, relating to the objective or hypothesis of the research.
• Akintoye (2015) stated the importance of the theoretical framework to help the researcher in finding the appropriate approach, analytical methods, and steps.

Differences Between Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

• Theoretical frameworks are broader in scope and are based on the theoretical trials.
• Conceptual frameworks are more specific that relate to the main variables of the research, and may also take on the models or theories that suit the purpose of the research.
• The differences of the ideas are that theoretical frameworks are well designed and designed and is well thought of while conceptual framework is not yet accepted but is being referred to.
• Datas Empirikal: Information gathered from the conbination of the two or more methods.
• Empirical Data: A scientific method based on reality and fact

Types of Empirical Data:

• Textual- Depicting the knowledge in paragraph form.
  • Example: UNESCO states that 87% equivalent to 1.5 Billion of students have been affected negatively throughout the COVID pandemic.
• Tabular- Depicting the knowledtge through a statistic table.
• Graphical- Depicting the knowledtge through visual representations.

Steps in writting a research

• A. Choosing and limiting the topic
• B. Writing a thesis statement
• C. Making a temporary framework
• D. Gathering the data
• E. Organizing the information
• F. Builing the bibliography
• This method is based on the aim of use and principle

A. Choose and Limiting the topic

• Subject is the sentral idea of the analytical work
• Ways to limit the Analytical topic
  • Be familiar with the intent of analytical work.
  • Record the positive aim of the anaçytical work and what connects to it.
  • Verify the conncetion with the will of the analytical with the analytical work.
• This steps is limited with the words as a way of stenghtening and support towards what had been tested.
• It helps to limit the subject to the elements that is based on

Elemenets is like example below

• Weather
• Gender
• Space
• Association
• Opinions
• It will widen the range and influence towards the subject and it is limited to Facebook
• As you can see, the example is based on Facebook with range 19. This is based on the Filipino dialict

Constantino at Pafra stated in the analytical work

• Daily
• Academic
• Trading
• Public Institutions
• Private Insiitutions
• The method defines what method of analytical study you should be using

Method helps the researcher in forming the analytical studies and studies.

• Steps for improving analytical studies
• According to the Bisa 199, statement for the analytical studies will improve analytical discussion towards the way of writing the analytical structure
• In order to improve analytical studies
• 1. Find a subject!
• 2. In order to make things easier, make it clear to indicate why and how through the subject.
• A framework should be direct and should do some good

The 3 types of framework

• Subject based and wording

• The 2 main shape for it is shown through the use of characters and the numerical placement.

• Here is the analytical framework for the subject

• 1st Idea : Give more explanation to HIV - Supportive Idea - Provide a definition to HIV/ Aids - The origin of the sickness - The timeline towards it - The means to give the sickness 2nd Idea: The epidemic towards this sickness is always growing - Supportive idea: - Global Statistic - Statistics Based on PH 3rd Idea: The prevention towards this Sickness.

  • Support Idea: - Globall Prevention - Ph Prevention

• An example with Digital gadget

• A. It causes and affects a child's health due to gaming gadegets

  • 1. It affects the 4year old who has gaming addiction
       • a. Devices used for this case is usually smartphone and other tablet device.

Digita Detox Program

• B. This kid now feels what addicts of withdrawals feels or also known as Dinaranas Withdrawal Syndrome
• 3. Tinataya It reaches 1 million for detox.
• There are sources of data: (1) primary , secondary, (3) Electronic. (Bernalis 2012).
• According to Mosura
• The primary data is from organizations from fraternity, tribes, minorities, governement, schools, churches and etc.
• The secondary data consists with Encyclopedia, books, and jornals.
• For a analytical researcher
• Search in libraries/internet/survey to gather knowledges.
• Data must be truthful because it will be released to the public.
• With the talked about ways for the analytical structure, it shows truthfulness towards the analytical knowledge to data.

How to Organize

• Pabuod
• The other way to know what your analytical is
• Buod ng Tala
• Presi
• Sipi ng Sipi
• Hawig to paraphrase.
• Sariling Salin/ to translate something to a different dialect than its origin.

Making your bibliography

• Must use books, jornals and and all matieral in the research.
• This will be wrote in the style known as American Psychology Association (APA). (1916)
• Ways for bibliography - Use hanging invention! - Match 3 to 1 to know the information! - Use letters from the alphabet! - Match with the subtitle! - Italisize from the books you checked out!.
• Some Example

Santos AZ .Filinimo Sa Baitnag 11

• Rogelio BY.. Fil sa baitgang
• QuizonCF... Baitang 9.
• The format from this is using directely the use of websiten with writing
• The Date for the public
• Title
• Pinag galingang URL
• Ways the analytical process is
• 1. Make a Analytical Study. Lubos kita binabati dahil nasa huling bahagi ka na ng iyong aralin, ang pagbuo ng isang sulating pananaliksik.
• Maari ba itong baguhin habang nagsusulat.
• ay naka base sa huling palangkas ayon kina Dayag at del Rosario palangkas.

ay tataong bahagi Analytical/ introduction./katwan. At Komplusyon Pangsulat nang maikliing palangkitran., and palahagay. sa palsulat ay tatawagin nalang nating suhestiyon

• banggitnin mga nangunahag tungkol sa paksa
• ang kasaukuyang sitwasyon at amg tungkol sa paksa. ay makahulugang pagpalaad. Tiyakin and pagalad na ideya/upang ang magasaling maging.
• isakatuparan pagpasiyaan ng paksa May tatlong paraan.

1. Analitikal Pahingang Sa paglikhang kinang dapat

• nais mangyaya ri sa kabuana.

Walang palaligiy - ligoy - Kailangang magsilbi itong tila makina.

abstrakto