Hearing Disorders Week 2

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Questions and Answers

What does the space between the superior and inferior crust of the ear refer to?

  • Concha
  • Triangular Fossa (correct)
  • Tragus
  • Scaphoid Fossa

What is the name of the bump located near the external auditory meatus?

  • Antihelix
  • Antitragus
  • Helix
  • Tragus (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve that innervates the ear?

  • Cranial Nerve 9
  • Cranial Nerve 7
  • Cranial Nerve 5
  • Cranial Nerve 12 (correct)

What is the name of the deep area within the ear that is separated into a superior and inferior part by the root of the helix?

<p>Concha (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bump located just below the tragus?

<p>Antitragus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main blood supply to the ear?

<p>Superficial Temporal Artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general anatomical positioning of the ear, when viewed from the side?

<p>The ear is positioned tilted forward, with the top of the helix aligned with the lateral eyebrow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general name for the external part of the ear? (Be specific.)

<p>Pinna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are formed from the branchial arch 2?

<p>Hillocks of His tissue 4, 5, and 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the ear appear lower on the embryo compared to its position in a fully developed individual?

<p>The ear migrates to a higher position during development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if the ear's migration process is disrupted?

<p>The ear may be positioned too low on the head. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which week of gestation do the hillocks of His tissues begin to fuse together?

<p>Week 7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What auricular structures become visible starting in week 8 of gestation?

<p>The helical rim and tragus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By which gestational week does the pinna resemble its mature shape?

<p>Week 18 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of a human pregnancy?

<p>36 to 40 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a child is born with ear abnormalities, what can be concluded about the timing of the developmental insult?

<p>It occurred during the first trimester or early second trimester. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma?

<p>Squamous cell carcinoma is more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'metastasis' refer to in the context of cancer?

<p>Cancer spreading through lymphatic channels or blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is commonly associated with squamous cell carcinomas?

<p>They appear similar to a scab that does not heal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin cancer is considered the most aggressive and potentially deadly?

<p>Melanoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is reported to have an increase in cases of malignant melanoma?

<p>Young adults in their twenties and thirties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to the formation of melanomas?

<p>Exposure to UV radiation from the sun. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do melanocytes play in skin health?

<p>They produce the color of the skin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has public awareness affected the incidence of skin cancers like melanoma?

<p>It has decreased the incidence noticeably. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes otitis externa?

<p>Physical injury in the ear canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to the growth of bacteria in the ear canal?

<p>Using Q-tips aggressively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common misconception about swimmer's ear?

<p>It is only caused by swimming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct about the terminology surrounding swimmer's ear?

<p>It may not involve actual swimming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates otitis externa from otitis media?

<p>OTitis externa involves the ear canal, while otitis media affects the middle ear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is least likely to contribute to the development of swimmer's ear?

<p>Water exposure without prior injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditions can otitis externa be classified into?

<p>Acute and chronic types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water exposure typically relate to otitis externa?

<p>It becomes a problem only if there is a physical injury. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when a hematoma forms between the skin and cartilage in the ear?

<p>Hearing loss may occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may arise from disrupted blood supply to the ear cartilage due to hematoma?

<p>Cauliflower ear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be suspected if a young child presents with a hematoma?

<p>Child abuse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is required to treat a significant hematoma in the ear?

<p>Incision and drainage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is most likely to result in an ear hematoma?

<p>Motor vehicle accidents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the appearance of cauliflower ear indicate?

<p>Previous trauma and disrupted blood flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended purpose of placing a splint after draining a hematoma?

<p>To avoid re-accumulation of blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abnormal condition may occur if the cartilage in the ear is deprived of blood supply?

<p>Development of neocartilage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of objects are commonly found in children's ears?

<p>Food items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the benign bony growths found in the ear canal that are multiple in nature?

<p>Exostosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from prolonged exposure to cold ocean water in surfers?

<p>Exostosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ear canal anomaly typically presents as a solitary bony growth?

<p>Osteoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do exostosis growths generally occur within the ear canal?

<p>At the eardrum or annulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of significant exostosis in the ear canal?

<p>Conductive hearing loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What usually indicates the presence of exostosis in a patient?

<p>Regular surfing in cold waters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the nature of osteoma compared to exostosis in the ear canal?

<p>Osteoma is solitary while exostosis is multiple. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Embryo Ear Development

Ear structures begin to form during the 4th week of gestation.

Hillocks of His

Tissue structures from branchial arches that contribute to ear formation.

Branchial Arch 1

Source of hillocks 1, 2, and 3, contributing to ear structure.

Ear Migration

The process by which the ear moves to its final position during development.

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Low Set Ears

Ears positioned lower than normal, often due to developmental disruptions.

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Auricular Structures

Recognizable parts of the ear forming from week 8 of gestation.

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Gestational Week 18

By this week, the ear appears fully formed.

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Pregnancy Duration

A typical pregnancy lasts between 36 to 40 weeks.

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Triangular Fossa

A concave space between the superior and inferior crus of the ear, shaped like a triangle.

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Scaphoid Fossa

The space between the antihelix and the helix of the ear.

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Concha

A deep area of the ear, divided into superior and inferior parts.

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Cymba Conchae

The upper part of the concha, above the root of the helix.

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Cavum Conchae

The lower part of the concha beneath the root of the helix.

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Tragus

A small bump in the cartilage covering the external auditory meatus of the ear.

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Antitragus

A bump in the cartilage located below the tragus of the ear.

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Superficial Temporal Artery

The main blood supply to the ear, located in front of it.

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Hematoma

A collection of blood that separates skin from cartilage, often due to injury.

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Hemotipinum

Blood accumulation in the space between the ear layers, which can lead to hearing loss.

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Ear Canal Swelling

Inflammation of the ear canal, often occurring with severe ear injuries.

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Child Abuse Indicator

Presence of hematoma in young children may indicate potential abuse.

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Incision and Drainage

Surgical procedure to remove blood buildup from a hematoma.

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Cauliflower Ear

Deformed ear appearance due to disrupted blood supply and cartilage damage.

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Cartilage Blood Supply

Vital for ear health, can be disrupted by hematomas leading to deformity.

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Neal Cartilage Formation

New cartilage that forms abnormally when blood supply is disrupted.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

A common type of skin cancer that is rarely aggressive.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A more aggressive skin cancer than basal cell, with higher chances of metastasis.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another through blood or lymphatic system.

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Local Spread

The growth of cancer in the original location, invading nearby tissues.

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Melanoma

The most aggressive type of skin cancer, originating from melanocytes, and can be deadly.

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Melanocytes

Cells in the skin that produce melanin, which gives skin its color.

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Sun Exposure Risks

Frequent exposure to sunlight increases the risk of skin cancers like melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

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Palliative Care

Care aimed at providing relief from symptoms of serious illnesses, including cancer.

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Otitis Externa

An infection in the outer ear canal often caused by injury and bacteria.

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Acute vs Chronic Otitis Externa

Acute: sudden onset; Chronic: persistent or recurring infection.

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Swimmer's Ear

A common name for otitis externa, often misunderstood as just water exposure.

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Ear Canal Injury

Damage to the ear canal skin, often from objects like Q-tips.

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Environment for Bacteria

Warm, moist conditions in the ear canal can promote bacterial growth.

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Ear Infection Misconception

Many think water in the ear leads to infections, but prior injury is often the real cause.

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Symptoms of Otitis Externa

Includes ear pain, itching, and discharge from the ear canal.

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Role of Water Exposure

Water alone doesn't cause infections; must be combined with injury.

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Foreign Bodies in Ears

Objects like beads or food items inserted into the ear canal.

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Exostosis

Benign growths in the ear canal, usually multiple and hard.

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Osteomas

Solitary bony growths in the ear canal bone, different from exostosis.

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Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss due to blockages in the ear canal.

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Isthmus of Ear Canal

Narrow junction in the ear canal where objects can get stuck.

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Bony Cartilaginous Junction

The area in the ear canal where bone meets cartilage.

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Prolonged Water Exposure

Extended time in water leading to ear conditions like exostosis.

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Ear Canal Bugs

Insects, like ticks, that can enter the ear canal.

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Study Notes

Understanding External Ear Disorders

  • Good afternoon. The microphone is not charged.
  • Can students hear? Yes.
  • Schedule of class sent out with makeup classes already scheduled.
  • Midterm will be on Friday, February 14th.
  • Midterm will be one hour, starting at 9:09 AM.
  • The midterm will be held in a different classroom in the Business Building.
  • No lecture number 6 for now.
  • Weeks where no regular class on Mondays, email will be sent to remind students.
  • Lecture notes will likely be in paper form.
  • Additional questions welcomed.

Embryology

  • Embryology is the formation of body parts.
  • External ear is composed of the penna and ear canal (called the outer ear).
  • Congenital disorders are present at birth, not necessarily genetic. Congenital infections are present at birth. Acquired disorders occur after birth.
  • Ear development (embryology) is covered.
  • The development and formation steps of the ear structure are highlighted.
  • Embryo at 3-4 weeks of gestation described and the branchial arches.
  • How the external ear forms, related abnormalities, and how these relate to the embryological development process.

External Ear Structure and Function

  • The external ear is part of the auditory system. It includes the external ear (pinna, or auricle), the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Key considerations are the structures.
  • External ear (pinna, or auricle), the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (eardrum) components detailed.
  • External ear function.
  • Ear structures detailed including the antihelix, antitragus, tragus, concha bowl, and the superior and inferior crus.
  • Various structures, like concha bowl, antihelical rim, and scapha, will be detailed.
  • Important structures in the ear detailed, such as the isthmus.

Ear Disorders

  • Hematoma: Blood collection, commonly found in wrestling.
  • Microtia: Underdeveloped external ear.
  • Cryptotia: Parts of the cartilage are hidden under the skin.
  • Otoplasty: Surgery to reshape the ear.
  • Extrernal auditory canal stenosis: Narrowed ear canal.
  • External ear infection (otomicosis): Fungal infection.
  • Cellulitis: Skin infection, possibly following piercing or injury.
  • Frostbite, Sunburn: Conditions that affect the external ear due to severe cold or sun exposure.
  • Ear canals: Ear canal function and disorders are discussed.

Summary

  • The key components of the external ear, issues related to embryological development of the ear, and various disorders that affect the ear are examined. Common injuries, like sports injuries, discussed.

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