Understanding English Verbs

Transitive Verbs

• A transitive verb has a direct object
• Sentence containing a transitive verb can be converted from active voice to passive voice
• Example: The batsman hit the ball hard.
• The ball was hit hard by the batsman (passive voice)

Intransitive Verbs

• An intransitive verb does not have a direct object.
• Sentences containing an intransitive verb cannot be converted to a passive voice.
• Example: The lion cub sleeps. (The verb "sleeps" does not have a direct object.)

Reflexive Verbs

• Reflexive verbs have the same subject and direct object.
• The subject performs the action on itself.
• Example: She stays home herself. (The subject "She" is the same as the object "herself".)

Auxiliary Verbs

• Auxiliary verbs help the main verb in a sentence.
• They are also called helping verbs.
• They help change tenses, mood, or voice of a sentence.
• Examples: is, am, are, was, were, have, do, etc.

Modal Verbs

• Modal verbs are used before ordinary verbs to indicate possibility, permission, certainty, etc.
• Common modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought.
• Modal verbs are often considered a type of auxiliary verb.

Adverbs

• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
• They give further information about the manner, place, time, or degree of an action, quality, or circumstance.
• Example: Ali walks swiftly. (The adverb "swiftly" modifies the verb "walks" and tells us the manner in which Ali walks.)

Types of Adverbs

• Adverbs of Time: Tell us when an action occurred (example: ago, before, after, now, never).
• Adverbs of Place: Tell us where an action occurred (example: here, there, everywhere).
• Adverbs of Frequency: Tell us how often an action occurred (example: always, sometimes, never).
• Adverbs of Degree: Tell us the extent or intensity of an action (example: very, extremely, quite).
• Adverbs of Manner: Tell us how an action was performed (example: slowly, quickly, carefully).
• Adverbs of Reason: Tell us why an action occurred (example: because, since, therefore).
• Relative Adverbs: Connect dependent clauses to independent clauses (example: where, when, why).
• Interrogative Adverbs: Used to ask questions (example: how, when, where).
• Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: Express certainty or uncertainty, agreement or disagreement (example: yes, no, certainly, perhaps).

Types of Adjectives

• Demonstrative Adjectives: Point to a specific person or thing (example: this, that, these, those).
• Interrogative Adjectives: Used to ask questions (example: what, whose, which).
• Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership (example: my, your, his, her).
• Emphasizing Adjectives: Emphasize a noun (example: very, own).
• Exclamatory Adjectives: Express strong emotion (example: what).

Types of Prepositions

• Simple Prepositions: Single words (example: on, in, at, with, to, from, etc.).
• Double Prepositions: Two simple prepositions together (example: from under, up to, etc.).
• Compound Prepositions: Formed by adding a prefix to a root word (example: about, across, behind).
• Phrasal Prepositions: Groups of words acting as a single preposition (example: in spite of, according to, etc.).
• Participle Prepositions: Present participles used as prepositions (example: concerning, considering, notwithstanding, etc.).
• Disguised Prepositions: Shortened forms of other prepositions (example: "a" for "on" and "o" for "of").

Subordinating Conjunctions

• Subordinating Conjunctions of Concession: Concede a fact or idea regardless of the main clause.
• Subordinating Conjunctions of Comparison: Show comparison between two things.

Interjections

• Interjections are words or phrases that express emotions.
• They are always used with an exclamation mark(!).
• Examples: Hurrah!, Alas!, Oh no!, Oh my God!, What!, etc.

Types of Interjections

• Greeting: Expressing warmth (example: Good Morning!, Hello!, Hey!).
• Happiness: Expressing joy (example: Yeah!, Hurrah!, Wow!).
• Attention: Drawing attention (example: Hey!, Yo!, Look!, Listen!).
• Approval: Expressing agreement (example: Well done!, Brilliant!).
• Surprise: Expressing astonishment (example: Oh!, Wow!).
• Disappointment: Expressing sadness (example: Oh no!, Alas!).
• Anger: Expressing frustration (example: Ugh!, Gosh!).