Understanding Earthquakes
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Questions and Answers

What causes an earthquake?

  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Increase in atmospheric pressure
  • Rapid cooling of the earth's crust
  • Movement within the earth's crust (correct)

How is the behavior of earthquake waves measured?

  • By analyzing river flow patterns
  • Using telescopes
  • Using delicate instruments called seismographs (correct)
  • By observing cloud patterns

Where do most earthquakes occur?

  • Inside volcanic chambers
  • In deep ocean trenches
  • Along the boundaries between tectonic plates (correct)
  • In the Earth's core

What primarily drives the motion of tectonic plates?

<p>Convection within the mantle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists record the motion of earthquake waves?

<p>Using instruments called seismographs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the surficial expression of an earthquake?

<p>Epicenter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seismic wave causes elliptical shaking?

<p>Rayleigh waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers different types of earthquakes?

<p>Stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does water rush back into the cracks, reducing the rock's strength?

<p>Influx of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of earthquake?

<p>Tectonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Earthquakes can occur both on land and underwater, and underwater quakes can cause tsunamis.
  • Tsunamis are large water waves that cause surges up to 100 feet high and lead to destruction.
  • Not all earthquakes occur on tectonic plate boundaries; some occur on intraplate faults, like the New Madrid Fault.
  • An earthquake consists of three main parts: the focus (origin), seismic waves, and the fault line.
  • The focus is the location of the earthquake at depth, and the epicenter is the surficial expression of the earthquake.
  • There are four types of seismic waves: P-waves (fastest, compressional), S-waves (second, transverse), Rayleigh waves (longitudinal, cause elliptical shaking), and Love waves (transverse, cause side-to-side shaking).
  • Three main types of faults exist: Thrust (reverse, vertical), Normal (vertical, one block moves downward), and Strike-slip (horizontal, blocks move past each other).
  • Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates move against each other, releasing stress in the form of seismic waves.
  • Stress can be compressional, tensional, or shear, and triggers different types of earthquakes.
  • Tectonic earthquakes are the most common, but there are other types, such as volcanic, collapse, and explosion earthquakes.
  • Earthquakes go through five stages: Elastic build-up, dilatancy, influx of water, earthquake, and post-earthquake.
  • The elastic build-up stage involves rocks compressing together, followed by the dilatancy stage where rocks crack and water is forced out.
  • During the influx of water stage, water rushes back into the cracks, reducing the rock's strength.
  • The earthquake stage is the actual quake, while the post-earthquake stage involves aftershocks and ground settling.

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Description

Test your knowledge about earthquakes with this quiz that covers the causes and effects of earthquakes, as well as the scientific principles behind them.

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