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Questions and Answers
Depression is a complex disorder affecting a person mentally, emotionally, and physically, characterized by ______, making the sufferer unable to function normally.
Depression is a complex disorder affecting a person mentally, emotionally, and physically, characterized by ______, making the sufferer unable to function normally.
low mood
Depression is always a temporary condition.
Depression is always a temporary condition.
False
Which of the following is NOT a feature of depression?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of depression?
What is the term used to describe patterns of thought and behavior that contribute to automatic negative thoughts?
What is the term used to describe patterns of thought and behavior that contribute to automatic negative thoughts?
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According to Beck's negative triad, what are the three areas where negative views are prevalent in depression?
According to Beck's negative triad, what are the three areas where negative views are prevalent in depression?
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Ellis' ABC model proposes that in depression, emotions are heavily influenced by ______ rather than the actual event itself.
Ellis' ABC model proposes that in depression, emotions are heavily influenced by ______ rather than the actual event itself.
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Maladaptive behavior is defined as behavior that enhances an individual's ability to adjust to and participate in everyday life.
Maladaptive behavior is defined as behavior that enhances an individual's ability to adjust to and participate in everyday life.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
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Which cognitive distortion refers to viewing a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat?
Which cognitive distortion refers to viewing a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat?
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Beck’s negative triad consists of negative views of self, the world, and the future.
Beck’s negative triad consists of negative views of self, the world, and the future.
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Name one feature commonly associated with Major Depressive Disorder.
Name one feature commonly associated with Major Depressive Disorder.
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The cognitive schema that leads individuals to believe they will fail at personal relationships is called a ______ schema.
The cognitive schema that leads individuals to believe they will fail at personal relationships is called a ______ schema.
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Match the cognitive schema with its description:
Match the cognitive schema with its description:
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What is an effect of negative self-critical thinking according to Beck?
What is an effect of negative self-critical thinking according to Beck?
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Cognitive distortions cannot be changed or corrected.
Cognitive distortions cannot be changed or corrected.
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Provide one example of a cognitive bias mentioned in relation to Beck’s theory.
Provide one example of a cognitive bias mentioned in relation to Beck’s theory.
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What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in treating depression?
What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in treating depression?
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Negative thinking is always a precursor to depression.
Negative thinking is always a precursor to depression.
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Which of the following describes the three negative self-schemas associated with depression?
Which of the following describes the three negative self-schemas associated with depression?
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What therapy uses the ABC model to challenge irrational beliefs?
What therapy uses the ABC model to challenge irrational beliefs?
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy often involves ______ to help clients keep track of negative thoughts.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy often involves ______ to help clients keep track of negative thoughts.
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Irrational thinking has no effect on emotional problems or maladaptive behavior.
Irrational thinking has no effect on emotional problems or maladaptive behavior.
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Match the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy strategies with their descriptions:
Match the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy strategies with their descriptions:
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What are the three 'musts' described in Ellis' ABC model?
What are the three 'musts' described in Ellis' ABC model?
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How long does a typical course of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) last?
How long does a typical course of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) last?
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The ABC model states that an ______ event (A) leads to a belief (B) which then leads to emotional reactions (C).
The ABC model states that an ______ event (A) leads to a belief (B) which then leads to emotional reactions (C).
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Mindfulness is increasingly being integrated into Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Mindfulness is increasingly being integrated into Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
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Match the following concepts with their explanations:
Match the following concepts with their explanations:
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What is the main consequence of musturbatory thinking according to Ellis?
What is the main consequence of musturbatory thinking according to Ellis?
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What is the ultimate goal of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT)?
What is the ultimate goal of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT)?
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Research has shown that depressed individuals exhibit more logical errors than non-depressed individuals.
Research has shown that depressed individuals exhibit more logical errors than non-depressed individuals.
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What is maladaptive behavior?
What is maladaptive behavior?
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Study Notes
Depression
- Depression is a complex condition affecting a person mentally, emotionally, and physically, characterized by low mood, rendering the sufferer unable to function normally.
- These experiences are prolonged, severe, and damaging.
- A collection of physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral experiences that are prolonged, severe, and damaging.
- Depression may stem from irrational thinking.
Features of Depression
- Reduced activity and productivity: Less speaking, moving, and increased time spent in bed.
- Disturbances in sleep and appetite: Sleep and appetite can be affected, either increasing or decreasing.
- Negative self-views: A negative perception of self.
- Feelings of hopelessness: A sense of despair, or helplessness.
- Lack of concentration: Difficulty focusing.
- Sadness and loss of pleasure: Reduced enjoyment in previously pleasurable activities.
- Lack of self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness: Low self-worth and feeling inadequate.
- Possible feelings of anger: Experiencing anger as a possible symptom.
Cognitive Explanations of Depression
- Beck's negative triad: Negative views of oneself, the world, and the future.
- Unhappy childhood experiences: Can lead to negative schemas, patterns of thought and behavior, leading to automatic negative thoughts.
- Negative schemas: Recurring patterns of thought causing automatic negative thoughts.
- Events later in life: Can trigger reactivation of negative schemas.
- Cognitive distortions: Errors in thinking, leading to flawed interpretations of events which create cognitive biases.
- Ellis' ABC model: Irrational thinking as the cause of emotional problems and maladaptive behavior, activating events leads to beliefs which then cause emotional responses/consequences.
Beck's Negative Triad Examples
- Negative views about the world: "Nobody likes me" or "the world is unfair."
- Negative views about yourself: "I'm worthless."
- Negative views about the future: "I'll never be successful."
Cognitive Distortions
- Selective abstraction: Focusing on one negative detail to the exclusion of others.
- Minimisation: Underplaying the significance of a positive event or experience.
- Personalisation: Taking unnecessary or disproportionate personal blame for events in which one had little or no control.
- Magnification: Exaggeration of a problem (e.g., "making a mountain out of a molehill").
- Overgeneralisation: Drawing a sweeping conclusion from a single event.
- Arbitrary inference: Drawing a conclusion with little or no evidence.
Negative Self-Schemas
- Sociotropic schema: "I will fail in personal relationships."
- Autonomous schema: "I will fail to achieve life goals."
- Self-critical schema: "I have many shortcomings."
- Specific examples: Shahar (2008) - sociotropic schema (relationships), autonomous schema (achieving goals), self-critical schema (personal shortcomings).
Evaluation of Cognitive Explanations
- Studies show a correlation of negative thinking with depression, supporting the idea of automatic negative thinking.
- Depressed people experience errors in logic more often than non-depressed people (e.g., Lloyd & Lishman, Hammen & Krantz).
- Difficulty determining if negative thinking precedes or follows depression. Causation is still debated (potentially correlational).
- Other factors (biological, e.g., drug therapies) might also play a role (possible role).
- Cognitive explanations are useful for developing effective treatments such as CBT and REBT.
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
- CBT: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, a treatment focused on identifying and altering negative beliefs and dysfunctional behaviours. Focusing on present ("now" aspect), directed, and active therapy.
- Active and directive: Therapy focuses on identifying and altering current thoughts and beliefs.
- Homework: CBT usually assigns tasks for clients to complete in between sessions.
- Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT): Based on the ABC model, challenging irrational beliefs and promoting more rational responses in order to improve well-being. (Using the disputing technique to challenge irrational beliefs, and effective attitudes and feelings).
- Strategies: Behavioral activation, thought-catching, cognitive restructuring, pragmatic disputing, empirical disputing, etc.
Evaluation of Cognitive Therapies
- CBT is as successful as drug therapies for depression. It has been found to be just as effective as drug therapies but may not be more so than "being in treatment" (i.e, treatment in general).
- Effectiveness of CBT is often dependent on the competence of the therapist and the individual's readiness to engage in treatment.
- Most effective in the later phases of the disorder when used in conjunction with medication (most effective after acute phase, when drugs can help, and with residual symptoms).
- Potential drawbacks or limitations, like individual variability in response or potential critical considerations regarding its approach (e.g., difficulty determining the cause/effect relation, or reliance on self-reporting).
- Mindfulness techniques are increasingly integrated into CBT to improve effectiveness.
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Description
This quiz delves into the complex condition of depression, exploring its symptoms, features, and cognitive explanations. Participants will learn about the impacts of depression on daily functioning, emotional well-being, and overall mental health. Key concepts like Beck's negative triad will also be discussed.
