Understanding Cybercrime and ICT

Understanding Cybercrime

• Cybercrime involves illegal activities using computers or digital networks.
• Identity theft, hacking, and online fraud are common cybercrimes.
• Installing antivirus software is not considered a cybercrime.

Actions of Cybercriminals

• Cybercriminals engage in unauthorized access, hacking, and malicious software distribution.
• Trojan horse programs are used to control computers in botnet attacks.
• Email spoofing and spamming disguise emails to deceive victims.
• Ethical hacking, which aims to improve system security by reporting vulnerabilities, is not a crime.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

• ICT includes systems for telecommunications, broadcasting, network control, and monitoring.
• Telecommunication networks, digital media, and smart building systems are examples of ICT applications.
• A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is an internet address used to access online resources.
• An IP Address is a numerical label for devices connected to the internet.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

• An IP Address (e.g., 192.0.2.1) identifies devices on a network using the Internet Protocol.
• IP addresses are essential for network security, tracking, and location identification.
• Unlike URLs, which are human-readable, an IP address is a machine-readable identifier.

Republic Act No. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012)

• RA 10175 covers crimes using digital platforms and information technology.
• Section 6 covers crimes penalized under the Revised Penal Code and special laws when committed through ICT.
• Identity theft is penalized under Section 4 (b)(3), addressing fraudulent use of personal information.

Identity Theft and Data Privacy Laws

• Identity theft involves unauthorized acquisition and use of personal information, potentially leading to fraud.
• RA 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012) protects personal information in both government and private sectors, ensuring privacy.

Cybercrimes Against Children

• RA 9775 (Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009) prohibits child pornography, including images, videos, and digital representations.
• Child pornography includes visual, audio, or written depictions of explicit activities involving children.

Importance of Cybercrime Laws

• Cybercrime laws protect against digital threats like hacking, fraud, and privacy violations.
• These laws aid in recognizing and preventing cybercrimes.

Understanding Traffic and Roadways

• Traffic includes the movement of vehicles, pedestrians, and goods.
• Highways include public roads, streets, boulevards, and alleys, excluding private properties.

Motor Vehicles and Drivers

• A motor vehicle is powered by an engine and does not include human-powered vehicles that use public highways.
• A driver is a licensed person who operates a motor vehicle.
• A professional driver is paid to operate a vehicle for private or public transport.
• An owner is the registered legal owner of a vehicle, as recorded with the Land Transportation Office (LTO).

Traffic Management

• Traffic Management involves controlling and supervising transportation systems.
• Traffic management includes lane closures, intersection control, speed limits, and ramp metering.
• The goal is to ensure smooth traffic flow and enhance road safety.

Law Enforcement in Traffic Violations

• A traffic arrest involves taking a person into custody for a traffic law violation to ensure they answer charges in court.
• A traffic citation involves issuing a ticket that requires the violator to appear in court without physical arrest.
• A traffic warning is a formal notice without penalty, serving as a caution for future compliance.

Crime Awareness and Prevention

• The Bantay Krimen Mobile Application, launched on March 16, 2016, promotes crime awareness, reporting, and prevention.
• The Directorate for Investigation and Detection Management (DIDM) launched the app at Camp Crame.

Features of Bantay Krimen App

• Users can check crime reports by setting a specific area using the View Crime Incidents feature.
• The Report Crimes feature allows users to report crimes in real-time to the nearest police station.
• The Hotspot Notification feature uses GPS to notify users near crime-prone areas.
• The Call the Nearest Police Station feature is a one-click function for contacting authorities during emergencies.

Crime and Case Management Systems

• CIRAS (Crime Information Reporting and Analysis System) collates and analyzes complex crime data through visual intelligence.
• CIDMS (Case Information Database Management System) is used by investigators to track and manage case files.
• CMAS (Case Monitoring and Analysis System) analyzes investigative data for better decision-making.

Digital Crime Solutions

• E-Rogue serves as an electronic rogues' gallery, storing photos and records of wanted persons.
• E-Warrant is an electronic system for tracking and managing warrants.
• E-Subpoena manages subpoenas issued by the police.

Investigation and Record-Keeping

• Crime mapping is used to visualize and study crime trends.
• The Crime Registrar affixes a signature on police blotter entries.
• CIRAS handles crime reporting, while CIDMS manages case investigations and full-blown cases.

Case Prioritization and Encoding

• High-profile cases of killings of activists, media practitioners, drug-related offenses, heinous crimes, and election-related incidents are encoded to CIDMS.
• The case encoding standard requires a minimum of two case folders per day to be entered by investigators.

IT and System Requirements

• Minimum hardware and software requirements include an Intel Core i3 processor, 2GB RAM, 160GB HDD, Windows 7 OS, and a high-speed scanner.
• A web-based CIDMS is being developed as a centralized server version to store and integrate data across police stations.

Investigative Reports

• Investigative Reports provide an official record of findings and be accurate, complete, and timely, with no personal opinions.

Types of Investigative Reports

• Spot Report: initial investigative report submitted to higher headquarters
• Coordination Report: tool for agencies to coordinate with police or military units during operation
• Case Referral Report: endorsement to the Prosecutor's Office for legal action

Tickler System

• Tickler System: method to regularly check pending cases filed under an officer's name. It helps in monitoring case progress.

Minimum Requirements for a Good Investigative Report

• A good investigative report needs Accuracy (factual and free from errors)
• Completeness (Should contain all necessary details for proper documentation)
• Timeliness (Must be submitted promptly to aid in case resolution)

Primary Function of the PNP

• The Philippine National Police (PNP) is mandated to maintain public safety, enforce the law, and prevent crimes.

Core Values of the PNP

• The PNP upholds Integrity, Service, and Honor as core values and ensure ethical conduct in law enforcement.

PNP Ethical Doctrine

• Police officers ensure truthfulness and honesty, guided by the PNP Honor Code and Code of Conduct.

Legal Framework of the PNP

• Republic Act No. 6975 established the PNP under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
• Republic Act No. 9165 governs drug-related offenses under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act.
• Republic Act No. 10591 regulates licensing and possession of firearms.
• Republic Act No. 7610 protects children from maltreatment, discrimination, and exploitation.

###.PNP Performance Governance System (PGS)

• Learning and Growth: Capacity Building and personal development
• Community Relations: Ties with the public will strenghten to gain suport for policing efforts.
• Operational Excellence: Efficiency and effectiveness in law enforcement functions
• Budget Allocation: Not a strategic perspective under PGS yet essential for resource management

Purpose of Case Review

• Reviews to develop investigative opportunities, improve case handling, and lower the risk of errors affecting the outcomes of the review cases

Informal "Golden Hour" Review

• Helps identify errors quickly and ensures that the investigation stays on track
• Review helps in the early stage

Benefits of a Case Review

• Reduction helps with problem reduction, litigation avoidance, and giving new insights.
• May increase investigation costs due to additional reviews.

Self-Inspection Review

• Investigator's assess their work without external interference
• Review does not disrupt ongoing investigations

28-Day Progress Review

• Conducted after four weeks to track the quality and investigation progress
• Ensuring effectiveness and recognizing new leads

Concluding Review

• The long term investigation will determine if the operational resources should be withdrawn
• A case review is done to determine

Case Development Review (Cold Case Review)

• To revive unsolved cases, focus on using new forensic and testimonie technologies

External Case Review

• Offers a nationally agreed audit process that is unbiased

Thematic Reviews

• Investigates Forensic Evidence and other investigative techniques

Purpose of a Witness in Court

• A witness is required to answer questions and evidence relevant to the case and does not determine sentences or provide legal advice.

Types of Interviews

• Structured Interview: Uses a pre-planned sequence of questions.
• Unstructured Interview: Allows for spontaneous questioning based on responses.
• Semi-structured Interview: A mix of both structured and unstructured formats.

Treatment of Witnesses

• Witnesses should be treated well to encourage participation in future investigations and to ensure their cooperation.

Question Types in Structured Interviews

• These interviews mainly use close-ended questions to ensure consistency and ease of data analysis.

Inquest Case Requirements

• Investigators and arresting officers MUST OBSERVE Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code, which mandates the timely delivery of an arrested person to judicial authorities.

Disadvantages of Unstructured Interviews

• Due to a lack of a structured format, unstructured interviews, make making data analysis difficult
• Comparing statements is difficult as responses may be inconsistent

Characteristics of an Unstructured Interview

• Interviewer is able to form new questions, making the experience flexible yet less reliable

Reliability Concerns

• UNSTRUCTURED are less reliable due to High subjectivity and inconsistency

Objective of Witness Interviews

• Maintain accuracy and raise recall instead of pressuring

Avoid in Unstructured Interviews

• Prevent influence by avoinding Leading questions in unstructured interviews

Definition of Witness Role

• Roles include providing testimony and answering questions about the case in the court of law
• Functions include giving knowledge based evidence of events

Types of Interviews

• Structured: Strict sequence of planed questions
• Unstructured: formulate new questions based on the response
• Semi-Standard: mix of structured and unstructured

Question Types

• Used in structured interviews is Closed-ended questions for specific answers
• Used in Unstructured is Open-ended questions for detail

key objectives of the witness interviews

• Accuracy and recall quantity
• Reliability and consistency

Factors affecting an interview

• Unreliability and lack of consistency is UNSTRUCTURED Neutrality - Don't maintain lead questions

Investigative Guidelines

• Obey Article 125 of the Revise Penal Code in inquest Cases
• Treat witnesses well for future involvement

challenges in witness processing

• Structured interviews - has more reliable data- Due to the standard approach
• Analyzing categorize - Disadvantage of unstructured interviews

Primary Goal of Police - Community Relations (PCR)

• To build trust, foster cooperation, and strengthen the partnership

Nature of (Philippine National Police)PNP under RA 8551

• Scope - Civilian
• Character- Civilian

Functions of The Directorate Of Police Community Relations (DPCR)

• Create policies, programs, and plans for community engagement

Challenges in implementing police community relation programs

• PCR programs - hindered by attentional problems

Controversy in police work (Michael P. Tremoglie)

• Police duties are controversial as they are responsible for restoring order

Police - Community Relations

• Priority on community engagement and partnership

Main functions of the PNP under RA 8551

• Ensure public safety, enforce laws and maintain peace

Fundamentals of PCAD and Service oriented Policing

• 4 components - HRD, improvement of facilities, quality works, mobilization
• PNP QSL - Not Strenthening criminal investigation

Purpose of Transforming desks into lanes

• Aim for client friendly service to improve relations

Etiquette Protocol

• falls under personal diplomacy
• dressing code
• Speaking Culture
• Presentation

Definition of Diplomatic Protocol Macquarie Dictionary

• Customs and regulations ceremonies and etiquette of the diplomatic forces

Protocol in byzantine

• first part of the written document lists the names
• seating and precedence ceremony

corporate diplomacy

• cross cultures= communication and understanding

Cad and Community Organizing

• Build relationship
• Select , investigate , form and exclude laws
• Multiplier through community involvement
• Participate in economic activity, share responsibilities , and involvement

Idenntifying leaders

• Responsive and influence

Safety Security Assistance

• ensure public safety with measures

Ethical Policing and Decision-Making

• integrity and fairness in policing

Ethics vs Legal

legal - legal reasoning ethics- moral Reasoning

visual and sensory information

• retina + Neural is Light
• Shape changes is focused with adjustments

Absolute tresholds

intensity on smallest stimuli

perceptual processes

• processing by known information

depth perception

• uses monocular cues and binocular perspectives

Gestalt principle

• objects close groups together

Webers law

• constant stimulus for a certain proportion

perceptual phenomena

• difficulty with conflicting info is stoop effect

Baranagy peacekeeper operations

• effective crime control disaster management

roles of CVOS, Bantay bayan, and tanods

• community partner
• assists in disaster
• not responsible for court

Core components of BPO

• community in law enforcement

community and relations

• the community is police

BPO Teams

• conduct activities supervided

objectives of salaam police

• postive relaations

functions of the police

• educational campaigns
• liaisons within communitites

partnership and cooperation

• in collabrotuion with comminities

protection of muslims.

• prevents discrimiantion through netowrking

Minority jursidiction of muslim minorities

• debates in local territory

Counter vioelent extremism

• monitor ideological sermons

Bottom up process

• individual process

Thamas

• relays sensory information

Selective attention

• filitering distraction from converstaions