Understanding Career Outcomes

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a factor influencing individual outcomes?

  • Income Level (correct)
  • Ability
  • Opportunities and barriers to entry
  • Effort

According to presented research, what is a significant personality difference observed between men and women?

  • Nurturance as a personality characteristic (correct)
  • Desire for career advancement
  • Risk aversion in financial investments
  • Preference for working with data

What percentage range of employed women with children would prefer to work full-time outside the home?

  • 50 to 60%
  • Zero to 10%
  • 80 to 100%
  • 20 to 40% (correct)

Among married parents, which of the following statements aligns with the preferences regarding full-time work?

<p>Men want to work full-time more than women. (C)</p>
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When mothers were asked what is valued most in a job, what was their answer?

<p>Flexible schedule (B)</p>
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According to a survey, what percentage of fathers consider working full time to be the ideal situation?

<p>75% (D)</p>
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What is the most common work arrangement preference for lower and middle-class mothers with children under 5 years old?

<p>One parent working full-time and one being a stay-at-home parent (C)</p>
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For married mothers, what percentage express the ideal situation for kids under 5 is one full-time earner and one stay-at-home parent?

<p>53% (C)</p>
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What percentage of women who 'don't have enough to meet basic expenses' say their ideal situation is full-time work?

<p>47% (D)</p>
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What is the ideal family work arrangement for the majority of adults responding to having a young child?

<p>Parent or family member cares for young kids at home (A)</p>
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Among all adults responding, what percentage felt that the ideal arrangement for a young child would be if the mother worked part-time?

<p>47% (A)</p>
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Among mothers responding, what percentage felt that the ideal arrangement for a young child would be if the mother did not work at all?

<p>39% (D)</p>
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If the supply of workers declines relative to the employer's demand, all other things being equal, what happens to wages?

<p>Wages increase. (B)</p>
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Which of the following factors does NOT typically contribute to an increase in wages for an employee, based on labor market dynamics?

<p>Reduced company profits (B)</p>
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What circumstance describes income disparity between men and women?

<p>Given equal job and employee characteristics, women get paid less (B)</p>
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According to Figure 1 about Share of Parents Who Say Full-time Paid Child Care Is the Best Arrangement While Having Children Ages 0-4. Which group of parents says full-time paid child care is the best at the highest rate?

<p>Higher income (100k+) (C)</p>
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Consider the information provided on general personality and interest differences between men and women in the workforce. Which of the following statements represents a key finding?

<p>A significant portion of employed women without dependent children prefer full-time work outside the home. (A)</p>
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Based on Figure 3 about Child Care Preference By Education & Race/Ethnicity, which of the following groups show the lowest percentage with preference towards parent or relative-provided care?

<p>College-educated white (A)</p>
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Consider the topic of 'Importance of Child-Rearing'. Of the options below, identify the greatest indicator of why women are not working.

<p>Want to stay home with children (B)</p>
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Which statement represents the most accurate interpretation of the data related to mothers' preferences for work arrangements between 1997 and 2012?

<p>A larger percentage of mothers preferred part-time work over full-time work or not working at all in each survey year. (C)</p>
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In dual-income households, how do mothers' average weekly hours spent on paid work compare to those of fathers?

<p>Fathers spend significantly more hours (B)</p>
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How do the preferences for part-time or full-time work among mothers differ based on whether they currently have enough to meet basic expenses or live comfortably?

<p>Mothers able to meet basic expenses are more likely to prefer full-time work. (A)</p>
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The labor & pay presentation identifies risk as a factor impacting pay. Which job is an example of labor where 'risk' would result in higher pay?

<p>Coal miners (D)</p>
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Regarding time spent on housework, how have the roles of mothers and fathers evolved from 1965 to 2011?

<p>Fathers' time on housework has significantly increased, while mothers' has decreased. (C)</p>
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Referencing "Figure 2. Earnings-Fertility Correlations, White Men and Women", what is the earnings decile where women have children 'ever-born' the most?

<p>Bottom 10% (D)</p>
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Referencing the chart that presents life satisfaction by weekly working hours comparing women and men, what is the comparison with life satisfaction by weekly working hours between women and men?

<p>Life satisfaction is higher for women (B)</p>
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Referencing the chart that presents weekly working hours categorized, what is the relative comparison between women and men working hours. For example, which has higher 'percentage' values based on weekly working hours?

<p>Women are higher for 1-20 hours, lower for 40+ hours (D)</p>
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When full-time working mothers were asked what they considered ideal, what percentage of the mothers picked full-time ideal?

<p>46% (A)</p>
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When non-employed mothers were asked what they considered ideal, what percentage of the mothers picked not working at all?

<p>36% (B)</p>
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Flashcards

Factors Influencing Outcomes

Outcomes in employment are influenced by differences in interest, ability, effort, and opportunities/barriers.

Nurturance in Personality

A personality trait indicating caring for others, is stronger in women.

Work Preference Differences

Women often prefer roles that involve working with people, while men may prefer competitive and risky environments.

Women's Priority in Job

Having a flexible work schedule.

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Men's Priority in Job

High pay.

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Ideal Arrangement for Families

Among married mothers with younger kids, 53% preferred one parent working full-time, and the other staying at home.

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Father's Higher Average

More hours at paid work.

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Law of Supply and Demand

As supply decreases relative to demand, wages will increase.

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Income Disparity

Paying a group less than another for the same qualifications and economic performance.

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Increase Value

Factors like experience, efficiency, and training.

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Study Notes

Understanding Outcomes

  • All outcomes stem from differences in interest, ability, effort, and opportunities/barriers to entry.
  • Group differences across employment sectors may be due to the same four factors.

General Personality & Interest Differences

  • Sex differences in personality include child rearing and differences in interests.
  • Nurturance is a strong personality dimension differentiating men from women, evidenced by meta-analyses showing large differences.
  • Compared to men, women prefer working with people rather than things, according to Su et al. (2009).
  • Men have more extreme risk preferences and stronger preferences for competition.
  • 70% of employed women without dependent children prefer to work full-time outside the home.
  • 20-40% of employed women with children would prefer to work full-time outside the home.
  • Men desire to work full-time more than women among married parents.
  • 75% of fathers say working full-time is ideal, compared to only 20% of mothers.
  • Nearly 50% of mothers and 40% of fathers believe having a mother working part-time is best for a young child.
  • Only 16% think having a mother work full-time is best for a young child.
  • Men value high pay most in a job.
  • Women value a flexible schedule most in a job.
  • Among women who do not have enough to meet basic expenses, 47% say ideal is full-time work.
  • Among women who live comfortably, 31% say their ideal situation is full-time work.
  • Less than half (46%) of full-time working mothers consider working full-time ideal.
  • Among non-employed mothers: only 22% report working full-time would be ideal, 42% part-time, and 36% prefer not working.
  • Among married mothers, 53% prefer one full-time earner and one stay-at-home parent for kids under 5 years old
  • The mentioned arrangement for married mothers is more popular in lower and middle classes

Importance of Child Rearing

  • 58% prefer to have young children at home, cared for by a parent or family member.
  • 17% find one parent working part-time plus childcare the best arrangement.
  • 54% of women want to stay home with their children, making the number one major reason why they are not working.
  • For dual-income households, the average number of hours spent each week doing work is 31 hours for mothers and 42 hours for fathers.
  • In dual-income households, the average number of hours spent each week doing housework is 16 hours for mothers and 9 hours for fathers.
  • In dual-income households, the average number of hours spent each week on child care is 12 hours for mothers and 7 hours for fathers.
  • The most common preferred work for mothers answering what is ideal for a young child is 47% working part-time, 33% not working, and 12% working full-time
  • The most common preferred work for fathers answering what is ideal for a young child is 70% working full-time, then 20% working part-time and 4% not working

Labor & Pay

  • Wages increase as supply declines relative to demand.
  • Wages increase as the value to the employer increases due to experience, efficiency, and better training.
  • Aspects like risk, specialized training, and restricting the pool or increased cost to the worker affect how much pay a person earns.

Income Disparities

  • There is “Given the same job and employee characteristics, are women paid less than men?”
  • The income disparities are viewed as, the same job, same number of hours worked, same qualifications for the job, same work history, etc.
  • Because women are paid one group than another group for the same economic performance.

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