Understanding Cancer

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Questions and Answers

Match each term related to cancer with its correct description:

Tumor = An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Metastasis = The spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant parts of the body. Benign = A non-cancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Malignant = A cancerous growth capable of invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body.

Match the following causes with their respective impact on cancer development:

Smoking = Exposure to carcinogens that damage DNA, leading to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth particularly in lung tissues. Obesity = Increased risk of several types of cancer due to chronic inflammation, hormonal changes, and altered metabolism. Viruses = Infection that can directly alter the genetic material of cells, increasing the risk of certain cancers like cervical or liver cancer. Radiation = Damage to DNA leading to genetic mutations and increased risk of cancer.

Match each cancer treatment with its primary method of action:

Chemotherapy = Use of drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body by targeting rapidly dividing cells. Radiation Therapy = Use of high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells in a specific area. Immunotherapy = Therapy to boost the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively. Hormone Therapy = Blocking the effects of hormones or preventing the body from producing them, used for hormone-sensitive cancers.

Match the type of genetic abnormality with its definition:

Trisomy = The presence of an extra chromosome. Monosomy = The absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number. Nondisjunction = The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. Aneuploidy = The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Signup and view all the answers

Match the genetic syndrome to its chromosomal abnormality:

Down Syndrome = Trisomy 21 Turner Syndrome = Monosomy X (XO) Klinefelter Syndrome = XXY Patau Syndrome = Trisomy 13 Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics or symptoms to the correct genetic syndrome:

Down Syndrome = Intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, and often heart defects. Turner Syndrome = Females with short stature webbed neck, and infertility. Klinefelter Syndrome = Males with reduced fertility, small testes, and sometimes breast development. Patau Syndrome = Severe intellectual disability, heart defects, and multiple other physical abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

Match the condition to its description:

Cancer = A condition where cells divide uncontrollably Malignant Tumor = Cancer cells that invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels and metastasize to different sites Benign Tumor = Tumor cells that grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Recurrence = When cancer comes back to a person who appeared to be free of the disease after treatment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to chromosomal abnormalities with their descriptions:

Monosomy = Condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one chromosome lacks its homologous partner Trisomy = Condition of having an additional copy of a chromosome present in the genome Nondisjunction = Condition where homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate Karyotyping = The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment option for cancer with how it works:

Surgery = Physically removing tumor cells from the body Hormone Therapy = Adding, blocking, or removing hormones Chemotherapy = Administering chemicals to treat a disease Radiation Therapy = Using high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic diseases to their description:

Down Syndrome = An extra copy of chromosome 21 Klinefelter Syndrome = An extra X chromosome in males Turner Syndrome = Only one X chromosome present in females XYY Syndrome = An extra Y chromosome in males Signup and view all the answers

Match each genetic abnormality of sex chromosomes to its typical phenotype:

XO (Turner Syndrome) = Female with short stature, infertility and heart abnormalities. XXY (Klinefelter Syndrome) = Male with small testes, reduced body hair, and possible learning disabilities. XYY Syndrome = Male who is taller than average and may have learning difficulties. XXX (Triple X Syndrome) = Female who is taller than average; may have learning disabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Match the cause of cancer with an example:

Smoking = Lung cancer Viruses = Cervical cancer Radiation = Skin cancer Genetic Mutation = BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic conditions with their likely outcomes or features:

Edward’s Syndrome = Severe abnormalities likely leading to death shortly after birth. Down’s Syndrome = Physical deformities range, and mental/growth retardation. Turner’s Syndrome = Girls are missing one of their X chromosomes and intellectually normal and physical/sexual maturity problems Klinefelter's Syndrome = Boys have extra X chromosome(s) Signup and view all the answers

Match each characteristic to the tumor that it most closely describes:

Benign Tumor = Small and slow growing Malignant Tumor = Poorly-differentiated, involves metastasis, and destroys surrounding tissue Begin Tumor = Non-invasive, well-differentiated, and stays localized Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic abnormality to its condition:

down syndrome = Trisomy 21 Turner syndrome = Intellectually normal, but have physical/sexual maturity problems Klinefelters syndrome = Boys have extra X chromosome(s) Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics that correspond with the correct genetic marker:

Females and Trisomy X = Taller than average, with no unusual physical features Both Females and Trisomy X = May have behavioral and emotional difficulties Signup and view all the answers

Match each key term related to genetics and cell division with its correct definition:

Nondisjunction = The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. Monosomy = A condition in which there is only one copy of a chromosome in diploid cells. Trisomy = A condition in which there are three copies of a chromosome in diploid cells. Karyotype = A visual representation of all the chromosomes within a cell, organized by size and shape. Signup and view all the answers

Relate these cancer predisposing factors with possible cancers it causes:

Mouth and Throat = Smoking tobacco Voice Box = Smoking tobacco Kidney = Smoking tobacco Colon and Rectum = Smoking tobacco Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic syndromes with their chromosomal abnormality:

Down Syndrome = Trisomy 21 (an extra copy of chromosome 21) Klinefelter Syndrome = XXY (an extra X chromosome in males) Turner Syndrome = X (females only have one X chromosome) XYY Syndrome = XYY (an extra Y chromosome in males) Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions below, to their term:

Tobacco use = Tobacco includes use of smoked products such as cigarettes and cigars, and smokeless products such as snuff and chewing tobacco Out-of-control growth = Characterizes the multiple forms of cancer Cancer cell = Normal cells divide and grow in orderly fashion, but these cells do not Cancer cells = Form tumors that steal resources from the body causing harm Signup and view all the answers

Match the various causes and co-factors of cancer to their respective categories:

Diet and Lifestyle Factors = Sedentary lifestyle contributing to oxidative stress Environmental Factors = Exposure to environmental toxins increasing toxicity Physiological Factors = Chronic inflammation disrupting normal regulatory processes Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential effects of Trisomy X (XXX) with their related characteristics:

Physical Traits = Absence of unusual physical features or distinct abnormalities Cognitive and Developmental Aspects = Potential for delayed development of speech and language skills Signup and view all the answers

Match the genetic condition to its unique identifier:

Down Syndrome = Person has three chromosome 21's, instead of two Turner's Syndrome = Intellectually normal, but may have physical/sexual maturity problems Signup and view all the answers

Match the typical characteristics with these causes and co-factors of cancer:

Genetics = Inherited genetic mutations making one vulnerable to cancer Occupation = Exposure to chemicals Sunlight/radiation = Exposure to UV light causing skin cancer Smoking = Damage DNA and causes lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Determine what is likely to be the end results of the following genetic diseases:

Patau Syndrome = Likely leading to death in its first year Edward's Syndrome = Likely to die shortly after being born Klinefelter's Syndrome = May lead to enlargement of breast tissue in males Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential symptoms of Turner Syndrome with likely age groups:

Young Infants = Wide and webbed neck and likely to have a low hairline Older females = Likely to have a broad chest, and may have widely spaced nipples Signup and view all the answers

Match potential cancer factors with its definition statement:

Inherited genetic mutations = Increase chance of cancer Smoking = 30% Occupation = 4% Diet = 35% Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the two different cells, both normal, and cancerous cells:

Normal cell = Interphase is longest step in the cycle Cancer cell = Interphase is typically reduced Signup and view all the answers

Match the different options of Chemotherapy to its correlating image:

Chemotherapy = They may use an IV to receive the chemicals Surgery = Doctor uses surgical tools to cut out a tumor. Radiation Treatment = Using radiation to kill cancer cells. Signup and view all the answers

Match that tumor symptoms will usually lead to, if not addressed:

Tumors will form = They continue to grow and crowd out normal cells Different rates = They grow at different rates responding to different treatments. Tumor cells = Form tumors that steal resources from the body causing harm. Cancer spreads = It's still named after the part of the body where it originated. Signup and view all the answers

Connect all root causes to how they relate as co-factors to cancer:

Type 2 Diabetes = Chronic Inflammation Poor Diet = Nutritional Deficiencies Environmental Toxins = Environmental Factors Smoking = Pharmaceutical Drugs Signup and view all the answers

Match each syndrome with their potential symptoms::

Patau Syndrome = very small or poorly developed eyes (microphthalmia) Edward Syndrome = ears are malformed and low-set; mouth and jaw are small (may also have a cleft lip or cleft palate) Signup and view all the answers

Match the commonalities between the different forms of syndromes listed to the likely characteristics:

Edward Syndrome = unusually small head Klinefelter Syndrome = males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood. Down Syndrome = Hearing loss, heart and vision disorders, physical deformity (range), and mental/growth retardation Turner's Syndrome = Girls often will be missing an X chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Connect these different genetic conditions to the following identifiers listed:

XYY = The signs. XXY = Smaller than normal testicles, which can lead to lower production of testosterone. XXX = may have behavioral and emotional difficulties. Signup and view all the answers

Determine what outcomes relate to specific genetic mutations:

Non-disjunction = Monosomy and Trisomy XYY with shorter than average height = Taller less muscular body, also might have broader hips and longer legs. Turner Syndrome affecting females = They may be sterile Inherited Genetic Diseases = Several Medical Conditions in Humans Signup and view all the answers

Match the appropriate word relating to tumors, to the different tumor descriptions:

Cancel cells forming tumors = Steal resource from the body causing harm Cancer cells = Crowd out normal cell functions Malignant Tumor = Invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels and metastasize to different sites Benign Tumor = Grow locally and cannot spread by invasion Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cancer

A condition where cells divide uncontrollably.

Cancer Cell Behavior

Cancer cells grow and displace normal cells.