Understanding Cancer Basics

Study Notes

Overview of Cancer

Cancer encompasses a broad range of diseases characterized by normal cells transforming into cancerous cells that multiply uncontrollably.
Genes regulate cellular activities such as growth; cancer cells disregard these regulatory signals.
It is the second leading cause of death in the U.S., though mortality rates have declined over the past two decades due to early detection and advanced treatments.

Types of Cancer

Over 100 distinct cancer types exist, categorized by origin and affected tissue.
Three main classifications:
- Solid Cancers: Comprising 80% to 90% of cases; includes carcinomas (epithelial tissue) and sarcomas (bone/connective tissues).
- Blood Cancers: Originating in blood cells or lymphatic system, examples include leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
- Mixed Cancers: Involve two classifications, such as carcinosarcoma.

Incidence and Demographics

Cancer remains the second leading cause of global mortality.
In 2024, over 2 million Americans are projected to receive a cancer diagnosis, with an estimated 611,000 fatalities.
Approximately 25% of individuals will develop cancer at some point in life.
Common cancers in the U.S. include breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, and blood cancers.
Demogical implications:
- Higher incidence in individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) compared to those assigned female at birth (AFAB).
- Predominantly affects individuals over 60 years old.
- More prevalent in Black AMAB individuals and American Indian or Alaska Native AFAB women than in other racial demographics.

Symptoms of Cancer

Symptoms vary widely based on cancer type and progression.
General symptoms may include:
- Fatigue and night-time fevers
- Loss of appetite and night sweats
- Persistent pain and skin changes (e.g., mole alterations)
- Unexplained weight loss
Organ-specific symptoms may manifest based on cancer type, such as:
- Blood in urine or stool, changes in moles, coughing up blood, or new lumps.
It's crucial to consult a healthcare provider for any symptom persisting beyond two weeks.

Causes of Cancer

Cancer is primarily a genetic disorder resulting from mutations in genes managing cell behavior, leading to the development of abnormal, rapidly dividing cells.
Tumors can form and may metastasize, spreading to different body parts via the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
For instance, breast tumors may spread to lungs, complicating respiration.
About 5% to 10% of cancers are linked to inherited mutations, while most arise from acquired mutations occurring throughout life.
Various risk factors contribute to cancer development, emphasizing the complexity of its causation.

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of cancer, focusing on how normal cells can transform into cancerous cells. You'll learn about the role of genes in cell growth and the importance of early detection and innovative treatments. Test your knowledge on the facts and statistics surrounding cancer.